feat: 配置变量系统与 target id/name 双字段标识

- 新增顶层 variables 段支持 string/number/boolean 字面量 - target 字符串字段支持、、{...} 转义语法 - 变量解析优先级: variables -> process.env -> 默认值 -> 报错 - 完整引用保留原始类型，部分引用拼接为字符串 - 变量替换在 YAML 解析后、AJV 校验前执行 - 替换仅作用于 targets，跳过 id/type 字段 - target 新增必填 id 字段作为唯一标识，name 改为可选展示名称 - 数据库存储/API/前端全面迁移到 id 标识 - 统一 checker 运行时类型检查为 es-toolkit predicates - 同步 delta specs 到主 specs，归档 config-variables 变更
2026-05-17 00:37:54 +08:00
parent 366b3211c8
commit 7926514986
53 changed files with 1538 additions and 333 deletions
--- a/DEVELOPMENT.md
+++ b/DEVELOPMENT.md
@@ -36,6 +36,7 @@ src/
    checker/
      types.ts          基础类型定义（ResolvedTargetBase、RawTargetConfig、DefaultsConfig、CheckResult 等基础 interface）
      config-loader.ts  YAML 配置解析、契约校验、语义校验与运行期解析（输出 ResolvedConfig）
+      variables.ts      配置 variables 提取、target 字符串变量替换和 unresolved-variable issue 生成
      schema/           TypeBox + Ajv 配置契约、schema fragments、issue 渲染和 schema 导出入口
        builder.ts      全量 JSON Schema 组装（遍历 registry 生成）
        fragments.ts    共享 TypeBox schema 片段（duration、size、operator 等）
@@ -99,7 +100,8 @@ probe-config.schema.json  用户配置 JSON Schema 导出物（用于 IDE 自动
 启动流程:
  dev.ts / main.ts → readRuntimeConfig(cli args, 仅提取 configPath)
  → bootstrap({ configPath, mode })
-  → loadConfig(yaml) → ResolvedConfig{ host, port, dataDir, maxConcurrentChecks, retentionMs, targets }
+  → loadConfig(yaml：YAML 解析 → 变量替换 → 契约校验 → 语义校验 → resolve)
+  → ResolvedConfig{ host, port, dataDir, maxConcurrentChecks, retentionMs, targets }
  → ProbeStore(db) → store.syncTargets(targets)
  → ProbeEngine(store, targets, maxConcurrentChecks, retentionMs) → engine.start()
  → startServer({ config, mode, store })
@@ -192,7 +194,7 @@ export function handleMetrics(idStr: string, url: URL, store: ProbeStore, mode:
 - **共享类型**以 `src/shared/api.ts` 为唯一源头，前后端共同引用
 - 前端不得 `import src/server/` 下的任何文件
 - **严格联合类型**优先于宽类型：如 `phase: "status" | "duration" | ...` 而非 `phase: string`
- **后端内部扩展**：`checker/types.ts` 中 `CheckResult` 通过 `extends` 共享版本的 `ApiCheckResult` 增加 `targetName` 等内部字段
+- **后端内部扩展**：`checker/types.ts` 中 `CheckResult` 通过 `extends` 共享版本的 `ApiCheckResult` 增加 `targetId` 等内部字段
 - 存储层类型（`StoredTarget`、`StoredCheckResult`）独立定义，与 API 类型分离
 - **Checker 类型分层**：
  - `checker/types.ts` 定义 base interface（`ResolvedTargetBase`、`RawTargetConfig`、`DefaultsConfig`），使用 index signature 支持扩展
@@ -204,7 +206,9 @@ export function handleMetrics(idStr: string, url: URL, store: ProbeStore, mode:

 ### 1.6 配置契约与校验

-配置加载流程固定为：`unknown -> RawProbeConfig -> ValidatedProbeConfig -> ResolvedConfig`。
+配置加载流程固定为：`unknown -> 变量替换 -> RawProbeConfig -> ValidatedProbeConfig -> ResolvedConfig`。
+
+变量替换阶段由 `variables.ts` 负责，在 YAML 解析之后、AJV 契约校验之前执行。顶层 `variables` 支持 string/number/boolean 字面量，target 字符串字段支持 `${key}`、`${key|default}` 和 `$${key}`，解析优先级为 `variables -> process.env -> 默认值`；替换范围仅限 `targets`，且跳过 `id` 和 `type` 字段。

 `config-loader.ts` 只负责 YAML 解析、契约调度、公共语义校验和最终运行期解析；checker 专属规则必须下沉到对应 checker 的 `schema.ts` 和 `validate.ts`。

@@ -222,7 +226,7 @@ export function handleMetrics(idStr: string, url: URL, store: ProbeStore, mode:

 契约层使用 `src/server/checker/schema/` 中的 TypeBox fragments 生成 JSON Schema，并用 Ajv 执行启动期校验。Ajv 必须保持严格拒绝模式：`allErrors: true`、不启用类型强制转换、不注入默认值、不自动删除未知字段。

-默认对象策略是 `additionalProperties: false`。只有明确声明的动态键值表可以开放任意键名，例如 `http.headers`、`defaults.http.headers`、`expect.headers`、`cmd.env`。
+默认对象策略是 `additionalProperties: false`。只有明确声明的动态键值表可以开放任意键名，例如 `variables`、`http.headers`、`defaults.http.headers`、`expect.headers`、`cmd.env`。

 契约校验和语义 validator 都必须返回 `ConfigValidationIssue[]`，不要在 validator 内直接拼接最终用户错误字符串。最终错误由 `formatConfigIssues()` 统一渲染，错误路径需要尽量包含 `targetName` 或 `defaults`/root 路径。

@@ -425,7 +429,7 @@ TcpChecker implements Checker

 | 方法                                       | 用途                                                        |
 | ------------------------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
-| `syncTargets(targets)`                     | 启动期同步 targets（基于 name 做 upsert + delete 事务）     |
+| `syncTargets(targets)`                     | 启动期同步 targets（基于配置 `id` 做 upsert + delete 事务） |
 | `insertCheckResult()`                      | 写入单条检查结果                                            |
 | `getTargets()`                             | 查询全部 targets（default 分组优先排序）                    |
 | `getLatestChecksMap()`                     | 批量获取每个 target 的最新检查结果（单次 SQL 聚合）         |
@@ -459,8 +463,8 @@ TcpChecker implements Checker

 **Schema**：

- `targets` 表：name（UNIQUE）、type、target（展示摘要）、config（JSON）、interval_ms、timeout_ms、expect（JSON）、grp
- `check_results` 表：target_id（FK CASCADE）、timestamp、matched（0/1）、duration_ms、status_detail、failure（JSON）
+- `targets` 表：id（TEXT PRIMARY KEY，配置 target id）、name（展示名称）、type、target（展示摘要）、config（JSON）、interval_ms、timeout_ms、expect（JSON）、grp
+- `check_results` 表：target_id（TEXT FK CASCADE，引用配置 target id）、timestamp、matched（0/1）、duration_ms、status_detail、failure（JSON）
 - 复合索引：`(target_id, timestamp)`

 ### 1.9 拨测引擎
@@ -469,7 +473,7 @@ TcpChecker implements Checker
 - **并发控制**：`es-toolkit/Semaphore` 限制全局最大并发数（`maxConcurrentChecks`，默认 20），`acquire()` 阻塞等待
 - **Runner 选择**：`engine.runCheck()` 通过 `checkerRegistry.get(target.type)` 获取 checker，并调用 `checker.execute(target, { signal })`
 - **超时控制**：`ProbeEngine` 为每次检查创建 `AbortController` 并按 `target.timeoutMs` 触发 abort；checker 必须使用 `CheckerContext.signal` 感知超时，HTTP 将 signal 传给 `fetch()`，Cmd 在 signal abort 时 `proc.kill()`
- **结果写入**：检查结果通过 `store.insertCheckResult()` 写入 SQLite，engine 通过 `targetNameToId` 缓存 name→id 映射
+- **结果写入**：检查结果通过 `store.insertCheckResult()` 写入 SQLite，engine 基于配置 target id 确认目标仍存在
 - **异常可观测**：`probeGroup()` 对 `Promise.allSettled` 的 rejected 结果通过索引关联 target，并写入 `phase:"internal"` 的失败记录
 - **数据清理**：当 `retentionMs > 0` 时，engine 启动时立即执行一次 `store.prune()`，之后每小时定时执行，按 `timestamp` 清理过期数据
 - **生命周期**：`start()`/`stop()` 管理定时器（含调度定时器和清理定时器），`stop()` 清理所有 `setInterval`
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -69,6 +69,12 @@ runtime:
  maxConcurrentChecks: 20
  retention: "7d"

+variables:
+  env_name: "生产"
+  base_url: "https://api.example.com"
+  api_token: "Bearer demo-token"
+  sqlite_url: "sqlite:///path/to/db.sqlite"
+
 defaults:
  interval: "30s"
  timeout: "10s"
@@ -78,7 +84,8 @@ defaults:
    maxOutputBytes: "1MB"

 targets:
-  - name: "Baidu"
+  - id: "baidu-home"
+    name: "Baidu"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "https://www.baidu.com"
@@ -86,10 +93,13 @@ targets:
      status: [200]
      maxDurationMs: 10000

-  - name: "JSON API 示例"
+  - id: "json-api"
+    name: "${env_name} JSON API 示例"
    type: http
    http:
-      url: "https://httpbin.org/json"
+      url: "${base_url}/json"
+      headers:
+        Authorization: "${api_token|Bearer fallback-token}"
    expect:
      status: [200]
      headers:
@@ -100,7 +110,8 @@ targets:
            path: "$.slideshow.title"
            equals: "Sample Slide Show"

-  - name: "Bun 脚本检查"
+  - id: "bun-script"
+    name: "Bun 脚本检查"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "bun"
@@ -110,10 +121,11 @@ targets:
      stdout:
        - contains: "ok"

-  - name: "SQLite 数据库检查"
+  - id: "sqlite-active-users"
+    name: "SQLite 数据库检查"
    type: db
    db:
-      url: "sqlite:///path/to/db.sqlite"
+      url: "${sqlite_url}"
      query: "SELECT COUNT(*) as cnt FROM users WHERE status = 'active'"
    expect:
      maxDurationMs: 5000
@@ -150,17 +162,28 @@ targets:
 | `cmd.maxOutputBytes` | 输出最大字节数                                     | `100MB` |
 | `cmd.cwd`            | 默认工作目录（相对于配置文件所在目录）             | `.`     |

+#### variables — 配置变量（可省略）
+
+`variables` 是顶层动态键值表，key 必须符合 `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*`，value 仅支持 string、number、boolean。target 中的字符串值可引用变量：
+
+- `${key}`：引用 variables 或环境变量
+- `${key|default}`：变量和环境变量都不存在时使用默认值，第一个 `|` 后的内容为默认值
+- `$${key}`：转义输出字面量 `${key}`
+
+解析优先级为 `variables -> process.env -> 默认值`。字段值完整等于单个变量引用时会保留 number/boolean/string 类型；部分拼接时统一转为字符串。变量替换仅作用于 `targets`，且不会替换 `id` 和 `type` 字段。
+
 #### targets — 拨测目标列表（必填）

 每个 target 的通用字段：

-| 字段       | 说明                          | 必填                 |
-| ---------- | ----------------------------- | -------------------- |
-| `name`     | 目标名称（全局唯一）          | 是                   |
-| `type`     | 目标类型：`http`、`cmd`、`db` | 是                   |
-| `group`    | 分组名称                      | 否，默认 `"default"` |
-| `interval` | 覆盖全局拨测间隔              | 否                   |
-| `timeout`  | 覆盖全局超时时间              | 否                   |
+| 字段       | 说明                                                       | 必填                 |
+| ---------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------- |
+| `id`       | 目标唯一标识，支持字母数字、下划线、连字符，不参与变量替换 | 是                   |
+| `name`     | 展示名称，支持变量替换；省略时使用 `id`                    | 否                   |
+| `type`     | 目标类型：`http`、`cmd`、`db`                              | 是                   |
+| `group`    | 分组名称                                                   | 否，默认 `"default"` |
+| `interval` | 覆盖全局拨测间隔                                           | 否                   |
+| `timeout`  | 覆盖全局超时时间                                           | 否                   |

 **HTTP 类型** (`type: http`)

@@ -218,7 +241,7 @@ targets:

 **JSON Schema**：仓库根目录导出 `probe-config.schema.json`，在 YAML 文件顶部添加 `# yaml-language-server: $schema=./probe-config.schema.json` 即可在编辑器中获得提示和校验。

-> **注意：** 配置校验在启动时执行，非法配置会阻止启动并输出错误信息。除动态键值表（`headers`、`env`）外，未知字段会导致启动失败，请使用 YAML 注释。
+> **注意：** 配置校验在启动时执行，非法配置会阻止启动并输出错误信息。除动态键值表（`headers`、`env`、`variables`）外，未知字段会导致启动失败，请使用 YAML 注释。

 ## 目标状态判定

--- a/openspec/specs/config-variables/spec.md
+++ b/openspec/specs/config-variables/spec.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+## Purpose
+
+定义配置文件的变量定义、引用、解析和替换机制，支持集中管理共享值和环境变量注入。
+
+## Requirements
+
+### Requirement: variables 段定义
+配置文件 SHALL 支持可选的顶层 `variables` 段，用于定义变量键值对。variables 的 key SHALL 符合 `[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*` 命名规则。variables 的 value SHALL 仅支持 string、number、boolean 三种类型，MUST NOT 支持 null、array、object。variables 段自身 MUST NOT 支持引用其他变量或环境变量（值为纯字面量）。
+
+#### Scenario: 定义字符串变量
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { base_url: "https://api.example.com" }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 解析 base_url 为字符串类型变量，值为 "https://api.example.com"
+
+#### Scenario: 定义数字变量
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { port: 5432 }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 解析 port 为 number 类型变量，值为 5432
+
+#### Scenario: 定义布尔变量
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { ssl_enabled: true }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 解析 ssl_enabled 为 boolean 类型变量，值为 true
+
+#### Scenario: 变量值为 null 报错
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { empty: null }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 variables 的值不允许为 null
+
+#### Scenario: 变量值为数组报错
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { list: [1, 2, 3] }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 variables 的值不允许为 array
+
+#### Scenario: 变量值为对象报错
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { obj: { a: 1 } }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 variables 的值不允许为 object
+
+#### Scenario: 变量 key 不合法报错
+- **WHEN** 配置文件包含 `variables: { "123start": "value" }`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示变量名不符合命名规则
+
+#### Scenario: 不定义 variables 段
+- **WHEN** 配置文件不包含 variables 段
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 正常启动，targets 中的 `${...}` 引用仅从环境变量查找
+
+### Requirement: 变量引用语法
+targets 中的字符串值 SHALL 支持 `${key}` 语法引用变量。系统 SHALL 支持 `${key|default}` 语法设置默认值，其中第一个 `|` 为分隔符，后续 `|` 属于默认值内容。系统 SHALL 支持 `$${...}` 转义语法输出字面量 `${...}`。
+
+#### Scenario: 简单变量引用
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${base_url}/health"` 且 variables 中定义 `base_url: "https://api.example.com"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 `"https://api.example.com/health"`
+
+#### Scenario: 带默认值的变量引用
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${DB_PORT|5432}"` 且 variables 和环境变量中均不存在 DB_PORT
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为使用默认值（类型推断后为 number 5432）
+
+#### Scenario: 默认值包含管道符
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${PATTERN|foo|bar}"` 且变量不存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用 `"foo|bar"` 作为默认值（第一个 `|` 为分隔符）
+
+#### Scenario: 转义语法
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"Hello $${name}"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 输出 `"Hello ${name}"`，不进行变量替换
+
+#### Scenario: 多个变量引用
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${protocol}://${host}:${port}/api"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 逐个解析并替换所有变量引用，结果为拼接后的字符串
+
+#### Scenario: 无变量引用的字符串
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"https://example.com"` 且不含 `${...}` 模式
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 保持原样，不做任何处理
+
+### Requirement: 变量解析优先级
+系统 SHALL 按以下优先级解析变量引用：variables 定义 → 环境变量 → 默认值。如果三者均不存在，系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出。
+
+#### Scenario: variables 优先于环境变量
+- **WHEN** variables 中定义 `port: 5432` 且环境变量 `port=3000` 也存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用 variables 中的值 5432
+
+#### Scenario: 环境变量作为 fallback
+- **WHEN** variables 中未定义 `DB_HOST` 但环境变量 `DB_HOST=localhost` 存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用环境变量的值 "localhost"
+
+#### Scenario: 默认值作为最终 fallback
+- **WHEN** variables 和环境变量中均不存在 `CACHE_TTL`，且引用为 `${CACHE_TTL|60}`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用默认值（类型推断后为 number 60）
+
+#### Scenario: 变量未定义且无默认值报错
+- **WHEN** target 字段引用 `${MISSING_VAR}` 且 variables、环境变量中均不存在，也未设置默认值
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示该变量未定义
+
+### Requirement: 完整引用类型保留
+当字段值仅包含单个变量引用（完整引用）时，系统 SHALL 保留变量的原始类型。完整引用的判定为：字段值去掉首尾空白后严格匹配单个 `${key}` 或 `${key|default}` 模式且无其他字符。
+
+#### Scenario: 完整引用 number 变量
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${port}"` 且 variables 中 `port: 5432`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 number 类型的 5432
+
+#### Scenario: 完整引用 boolean 变量
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${ssl}"` 且 variables 中 `ssl: true`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 boolean 类型的 true
+
+#### Scenario: 完整引用 string 变量
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${host}"` 且 variables 中 `host: "example.com"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 string 类型的 "example.com"
+
+#### Scenario: 部分引用强制为字符串
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"port: ${port}"` 且 variables 中 `port: 5432`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 string 类型的 "port: 5432"
+
+#### Scenario: 环境变量完整引用类型推断
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${MAX_REDIRECTS}"` 且环境变量 `MAX_REDIRECTS=5`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 number 类型的 5（类型推断）
+
+#### Scenario: 默认值完整引用类型推断
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${TIMEOUT|30}"` 且变量不存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 number 类型的 30（类型推断）
+
+#### Scenario: 默认值推断为 boolean
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${IGNORE_SSL|false}"` 且变量不存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 boolean 类型的 false
+
+#### Scenario: 默认值无法推断保持字符串
+- **WHEN** target 字段值为 `"${HOST|localhost}"` 且变量不存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该字段替换为 string 类型的 "localhost"
+
+### Requirement: 替换范围限制
+变量替换 SHALL 仅作用于 targets 段。`id` 和 `type` 字段 MUST NOT 参与变量替换。`server`、`runtime`、`defaults` 段 MUST NOT 参与变量替换。系统 SHALL 递归遍历 target 对象树中所有字符串值进行替换（包括嵌套对象和数组元素中的字符串）。
+
+#### Scenario: target 嵌套对象中的变量替换
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `http.headers.Authorization: "${token}"` 且 variables 中定义 `token: "Bearer abc"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将该 header 值替换为 "Bearer abc"
+
+#### Scenario: target 数组元素中的变量替换
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `cmd.args: ["--host", "${host}"]` 且 variables 中定义 `host: "localhost"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将数组第二个元素替换为 "localhost"
+
+#### Scenario: id 字段不替换
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "${my_id}"` 且 variables 中定义 `my_id: "test"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 保持 id 字段值为字面量 `"${my_id}"`，不进行替换
+
+#### Scenario: type 字段不替换
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `type: "${checker_type}"` 且 variables 中定义 `checker_type: "http"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 保持 type 字段值为字面量 `"${checker_type}"`，不进行替换
+
+#### Scenario: defaults 段不替换
+- **WHEN** defaults 配置 `interval: "${default_interval}"` 且 variables 中定义 `default_interval: "30s"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 保持 defaults.interval 为字面量 `"${default_interval}"`，不进行替换
+
+#### Scenario: server 段不替换
+- **WHEN** server 配置 `host: "${server_host}"` 且 variables 中定义 `server_host: "0.0.0.0"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 保持 server.host 为字面量 `"${server_host}"`，不进行替换
+
+### Requirement: 变量替换错误报告
+变量替换阶段的错误 SHALL 作为 `ConfigValidationIssue` 输出，code 为 `unresolved-variable`。错误信息 SHALL 包含 target 索引、target id、字段路径和变量名。
+
+#### Scenario: 单个变量缺失报错
+- **WHEN** targets[0] (id: "api-health") 的 http.url 引用 `${base_url}` 但变量不存在
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 输出包含 target 索引 0、id "api-health"、路径 "http.url"、变量名 "base_url" 的错误信息
+
+#### Scenario: 多个变量缺失批量报错
+- **WHEN** 多个 target 的多个字段引用了不存在的变量
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 收集所有缺失变量错误后统一输出，而非遇到第一个就退出
+
+### Requirement: 变量替换执行时机
+变量替换 SHALL 在 YAML 解析之后、schema 契约校验（AJV）之前执行。替换完成后的配置对象 SHALL 传入后续校验流程。
+
+#### Scenario: 替换后通过 schema 校验
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `http.maxRedirects: "${MAX_REDIRECTS}"` 且环境变量 `MAX_REDIRECTS=5`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 先将该字段替换为 number 5，再进入 AJV 校验（期望 integer），校验通过
+
+#### Scenario: 替换后未通过 schema 校验
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `http.maxRedirects: "${MAX_REDIRECTS}"` 且环境变量 `MAX_REDIRECTS=abc`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 先将该字段替换为 string "abc"，再进入 AJV 校验（期望 integer），校验失败并报错
--- a/openspec/specs/probe-config/spec.md
+++ b/openspec/specs/probe-config/spec.md
@@ -5,21 +5,21 @@
 ## Requirements

 ### Requirement: YAML 配置文件格式
-系统 SHALL 支持通过 YAML 配置文件定义全部运行参数，包括 server 配置、runtime 配置、checker 默认值和 typed target 列表（含可选 group 字段）。target MUST 使用 `type` 字段声明 checker 类型，HTTP 领域字段 MUST 放在 `http` 分组，cmd 领域字段 MUST 放在 `cmd` 分组，db 领域字段 MUST 放在 `db` 分组。HTTP target 的 `http` 分组 SHALL 支持可选的 `ignoreSSL`（布尔值）和 `maxRedirects`（非负整数）字段。Db target 的 `db` 分组 SHALL 支持 `url`（必填）和 `query`（可选）字段。
+系统 SHALL 支持通过 YAML 配置文件定义全部运行参数，包括 server 配置、runtime 配置、可选的 variables 段、checker 默认值和 typed target 列表（含可选 group 字段）。target MUST 使用 `id` 字段作为唯一标识符，MUST 使用 `type` 字段声明 checker 类型，SHALL 支持可选的 `name` 字段作为展示名称（缺省 fallback 到 id）。HTTP 领域字段 MUST 放在 `http` 分组，cmd 领域字段 MUST 放在 `cmd` 分组，db 领域字段 MUST 放在 `db` 分组。HTTP target 的 `http` 分组 SHALL 支持可选的 `ignoreSSL`（布尔值）和 `maxRedirects`（非负整数）字段。Db target 的 `db` 分组 SHALL 支持 `url`（必填）和 `query`（可选）字段。

 `defaults.http` 分组 SHALL 仅支持 `headers`（可选）和 `maxBodyBytes`（可选）字段。`defaults.http` 分组 MUST NOT 支持 `method` 字段。

 #### Scenario: 完整配置文件解析
- **WHEN** 系统启动并读取包含 server、runtime、defaults、targets（含 group 字段）的 YAML 配置文件
+- **WHEN** 系统启动并读取包含 server、runtime、variables、defaults、targets（含 id、group 字段）的 YAML 配置文件
 - **THEN** 系统 SHALL 正确解析所有字段并用于初始化服务、调度引擎和对应 checker runner

 #### Scenario: 最简 HTTP 配置文件解析
- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: http` target 和 `http.url` 的 YAML 配置文件（省略 server、runtime、defaults 和 expect）
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（host=127.0.0.1, port=3000, dir=./data, interval=30s, timeout=10s, runtime.maxConcurrentChecks=20, http.method=GET, http.maxBodyBytes=100MB, http.ignoreSSL=false, http.maxRedirects=0, group="default"）
+- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: http` target（含 `id` 和 `http.url`）的 YAML 配置文件（省略 server、runtime、variables、defaults 和 expect）
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（host=127.0.0.1, port=3000, dir=./data, interval=30s, timeout=10s, runtime.maxConcurrentChecks=20, http.method=GET, http.maxBodyBytes=100MB, http.ignoreSSL=false, http.maxRedirects=0, group="default", name fallback 到 id）

 #### Scenario: 最简 cmd 配置文件解析
- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: cmd` target 和 `cmd.exec` 的 YAML 配置文件
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（interval=30s, timeout=10s, cmd.cwd 为配置文件所在目录, cmd.maxOutputBytes=100MB）
+- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: cmd` target（含 `id` 和 `cmd.exec`）的 YAML 配置文件
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（interval=30s, timeout=10s, cmd.cwd 为配置文件所在目录, cmd.maxOutputBytes=100MB, name fallback 到 id）

 #### Scenario: per-target 配置覆盖全局默认值
 - **WHEN** 某个 target 指定 interval、timeout 或对应领域分组中的默认字段
@@ -34,8 +34,8 @@
 - **THEN** 系统 SHALL 解析该字段并在执行时允许最多跟随 5 次重定向

 #### Scenario: 最简 db 配置文件解析
- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: db` target 和 `db.url` 的 YAML 配置文件
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（interval=30s, timeout=10s, group="default"）
+- **WHEN** 系统读取只包含一个 `type: db` target（含 `id` 和 `db.url`）的 YAML 配置文件
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用内置默认值填充未指定的字段（interval=30s, timeout=10s, group="default", name fallback 到 id）

 #### Scenario: defaults.http.method 触发校验错误
 - **WHEN** 配置文件中出现 `defaults.http.method` 字段
@@ -65,16 +65,16 @@
 - **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出并提示文件不存在

 ### Requirement: 配置校验
-系统 SHALL 在启动时对 YAML 配置进行完整校验，校验失败时以非零状态退出并输出清晰的错误信息。系统 SHALL 使用 TypeBox 定义配置契约和 raw config TypeScript 类型，由 Ajv 校验 TypeBox 生成的 JSON Schema，再执行启动期语义 validator。配置加载流程 SHALL 明确区分 `RawProbeConfig`、`ValidatedProbeConfig`、`ResolvedConfig` 三段生命周期。JSON Schema 契约 SHALL 覆盖业务无关的结构规则，包括字段类型、必填字段、枚举、数组与对象形状、数值范围和未知字段。语义 validator SHALL 覆盖契约不适合表达的业务规则，包括 target name 唯一性、checker type 注册状态、时长和大小解析、HTTP URL、正则可编译、JSONPath 子集和 XPath 可编译。
+系统 SHALL 在启动时对 YAML 配置进行完整校验，校验失败时以非零状态退出并输出清晰的错误信息。系统 SHALL 使用 TypeBox 定义配置契约和 raw config TypeScript 类型，由 Ajv 校验 TypeBox 生成的 JSON Schema，再执行启动期语义 validator。配置加载流程 SHALL 明确区分 `RawProbeConfig`、`ValidatedProbeConfig`、`ResolvedConfig` 三段生命周期，并在 YAML 解析之后、AJV 校验之前执行变量替换阶段。JSON Schema 契约 SHALL 覆盖业务无关的结构规则，包括字段类型、必填字段、枚举、数组与对象形状、数值范围和未知字段。语义 validator SHALL 覆盖契约不适合表达的业务规则，包括 target id 唯一性、id 命名规则校验、checker type 注册状态、时长和大小解析、HTTP URL、正则可编译、JSONPath 子集和 XPath 可编译。

 契约校验和语义 validator SHALL 统一产出 `ConfigValidationIssue`，最终由配置加载流程统一渲染为中文错误信息。

 系统 SHALL 导出完整 `probe-config.schema.json`，该文件 SHALL 与运行期 TypeBox fragments 生成的 JSON Schema 保持一致，用于用户配置引用和编辑器提示。

-除 `headers`、`env` 等明确声明为动态键值表的对象外，配置中的未知字段 SHALL 导致启动期配置错误。系统 MUST NOT 静默忽略未知字段。
+除 `headers`、`env`、`variables` 等明确声明为动态键值表的对象外，配置中的未知字段 SHALL 导致启动期配置错误。系统 MUST NOT 静默忽略未知字段。

 #### Scenario: target 缺少必填字段
- **WHEN** YAML 中某个 target 缺少 name 或 type 字段
+- **WHEN** YAML 中某个 target 缺少 id 或 type 字段
 - **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出，提示哪个 target 缺少哪个字段

 #### Scenario: HTTP target 缺少 url
@@ -89,9 +89,13 @@
 - **WHEN** YAML 中某个 target 的 type 不是已注册 checker 类型
 - **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出，提示不支持的 target type 和当前支持的 type 列表

-#### Scenario: target name 重复
- **WHEN** YAML 中存在两个 name 相同的 target
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出，提示重复的 name
+#### Scenario: target id 重复
+- **WHEN** YAML 中存在两个 id 相同的 target
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出，提示重复的 id
+
+#### Scenario: target id 不合法
+- **WHEN** YAML 中某个 target 的 id 不符合 `[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*` 规则
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以错误退出，提示 id 命名不合法

 #### Scenario: group 字段类型校验
 - **WHEN** YAML 中某个 target 的 `group` 字段不是字符串
@@ -223,15 +227,15 @@

 #### Scenario: 配置生命周期分离
 - **WHEN** 系统加载配置文件
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 按 `unknown -> RawProbeConfig -> ValidatedProbeConfig -> ResolvedConfig` 的顺序执行契约校验、语义校验和运行期配置解析
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 按 `unknown -> 变量替换 -> RawProbeConfig -> ValidatedProbeConfig -> ResolvedConfig` 的顺序执行变量替换、契约校验、语义校验和运行期配置解析

 #### Scenario: 结构化校验 issue
- **WHEN** 契约校验或语义 validator 发现非法配置
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 先生成包含 code、path、message 和可选 targetName 的结构化 `ConfigValidationIssue`，再统一渲染为中文错误
+- **WHEN** 契约校验、语义 validator 或变量替换阶段发现非法配置
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 先生成包含 code、path、message 和可选 targetName 的结构化 `ConfigValidationIssue`，再统一渲染为中文错误信息

 #### Scenario: 导出配置 JSON Schema
 - **WHEN** 仓库生成或检查配置契约
- **THEN** 根目录 SHALL 存在 draft-07 `probe-config.schema.json`，且其内容 SHALL 与当前公共 fragments 和已注册 checker fragments 组装出的完整 schema 一致
+- **THEN** 根目录 SHALL 存在 draft-07 `probe-config.schema.json`，且其内容 SHALL 与当前公共 fragments 和已注册 checker fragments 组装出的完整 schema 一致（包含 variables 段和 target 的 id/name 字段）
 系统 SHALL 支持使用单位字符串配置读取上限，单位包括 `B`、`KB`、`MB` 和 `GB`。

 #### Scenario: 解析 MB
--- a/openspec/specs/probe-data-store/spec.md
+++ b/openspec/specs/probe-data-store/spec.md
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@

 #### Scenario: 配置变更后重新同步
 - **WHEN** YAML 配置发生变更（新增、删除或修改目标）后重启
- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 根据 name 字段匹配：新增的插入、删除的移除、修改的更新（含 grp 字段）
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 根据 id 字段匹配：新增的插入、删除的移除、修改的更新（含 grp 字段）

 ### Requirement: check_results 表追加写入
 系统 SHALL 将每次检查结果追加写入 check_results 表，不更新或删除已有记录。
--- a/openspec/specs/target-identity/spec.md
+++ b/openspec/specs/target-identity/spec.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+## Purpose
+
+定义 target 的 id/name 双字段标识体系：id 作为唯一标识符，name 作为可选展示名称。
+
+## Requirements
+
+### Requirement: target id 字段
+每个 target SHALL 包含必填的 `id` 字段作为唯一标识符。`id` SHALL 符合 `[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*` 命名规则。`id` MUST 在所有 targets 中全局唯一。`id` MUST NOT 参与变量替换。
+
+#### Scenario: 合法 id
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "api-health"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用该 id 作为 target 的唯一标识符
+
+#### Scenario: id 包含下划线和连字符
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "db_check-01"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用该 id 作为 target 的唯一标识符
+
+#### Scenario: id 缺失报错
+- **WHEN** target 未配置 `id` 字段
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示该 target 缺少 id 字段
+
+#### Scenario: id 为空字符串报错
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: ""`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 id 不能为空
+
+#### Scenario: id 不合法报错
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "_invalid"` 或 `id: "-start"` 或 `id: "has space"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 id 不符合命名规则
+
+#### Scenario: id 重复报错
+- **WHEN** 两个 target 配置相同的 `id: "api-health"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 以配置错误退出，提示 id 重复
+
+### Requirement: target name 字段
+每个 target SHALL 支持可选的 `name` 字段作为展示名称。`name` 缺省时 SHALL fallback 到 `id` 的值作为展示名称。`name` SHALL 支持变量替换。`name` MUST NOT 要求全局唯一。
+
+#### Scenario: 配置 name
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "api-health"` 和 `name: "API 健康检查"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用 "API 健康检查" 作为展示名称
+
+#### Scenario: name 使用变量
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `name: "${env} API 健康检查"` 且 variables 中 `env: "生产"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 将展示名称解析为 "生产 API 健康检查"
+
+#### Scenario: name 缺省 fallback 到 id
+- **WHEN** target 配置 `id: "api-health"` 但未配置 `name`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 使用 "api-health" 作为展示名称
+
+#### Scenario: 多个 target 使用相同 name
+- **WHEN** 两个 target 配置不同 id 但相同 `name: "健康检查"`
+- **THEN** 系统 SHALL 接受该配置，不报错（name 不要求全局唯一）
--- a/probe-config.schema.json
+++ b/probe-config.schema.json
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@
            "additionalProperties": false,
            "type": "object",
            "required": [
-              "name",
+              "id",
              "type",
              "http"
            ],
@@ -403,6 +403,10 @@
              "group": {
                "type": "string"
              },
+              "id": {
+                "minLength": 1,
+                "type": "string"
+              },
              "interval": {
                "type": "string"
              },
@@ -495,7 +499,7 @@
            "additionalProperties": false,
            "type": "object",
            "required": [
-              "name",
+              "id",
              "type",
              "cmd"
            ],
@@ -635,6 +639,10 @@
              "group": {
                "type": "string"
              },
+              "id": {
+                "minLength": 1,
+                "type": "string"
+              },
              "interval": {
                "type": "string"
              },
@@ -694,7 +702,7 @@
            "additionalProperties": false,
            "type": "object",
            "required": [
-              "name",
+              "id",
              "type",
              "db"
            ],
@@ -860,6 +868,10 @@
              "group": {
                "type": "string"
              },
+              "id": {
+                "minLength": 1,
+                "type": "string"
+              },
              "interval": {
                "type": "string"
              },
@@ -895,6 +907,24 @@
          }
        ]
      }
+    },
+    "variables": {
+      "type": "object",
+      "patternProperties": {
+        "^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$": {
+          "anyOf": [
+            {
+              "type": "string"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "number"
+            },
+            {
+              "type": "boolean"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      }
    }
  },
  "$id": "https://dial.local/probe-config.schema.json",
--- a/probes.example.yaml
+++ b/probes.example.yaml
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+# yaml-language-server: $schema=./probe-config.schema.json
+
 server:
  host: "127.0.0.1"
  port: 3000
@@ -14,10 +16,17 @@ defaults:
  cmd:
    maxOutputBytes: "1MB"

+variables:
+  env_name: "演示"
+  httpbin_base: "https://httpbin.org"
+  api_token: "Bearer demo-token"
+  sqlite_url: "sqlite://:memory:"
+
 targets:
  # ========== HTTP targets ==========

-  - name: "Baidu 首页可用"
+  - id: "baidu-home"
+    name: "Baidu 首页可用"
    type: http
    group: "搜索引擎"
    http:
@@ -26,15 +35,17 @@ targets:
      status: [200]
      maxDurationMs: 5000

-  - name: "JSON API — 完整流水线"
+  - id: "httpbin-json"
+    name: "${env_name} JSON API — 完整流水线"
    type: http
    group: "后端服务"
    interval: "1m"
    timeout: "15s"
    http:
-      url: "https://httpbin.org/json"
+      url: "${httpbin_base}/json"
      headers:
        Accept: "application/json"
+        Authorization: "${api_token|Bearer fallback-token}"
    expect:
      headers:
        Content-Type:
@@ -49,10 +60,11 @@ targets:
            contains: "Wake"
        - regex: '"title"'

-  - name: "POST 接口测试"
+  - id: "httpbin-post"
+    name: "POST 接口测试"
    type: http
    http:
-      url: "https://httpbin.org/post"
+      url: "${httpbin_base}/post"
      method: POST
      headers:
        Content-Type: "application/json"
@@ -69,7 +81,8 @@ targets:

  # ========== Cmd targets ==========

-  - name: "Bun 版本输出匹配"
+  - id: "bun-version"
+    name: "Bun 版本输出匹配"
    type: cmd
    group: "系统检查"
    cmd:
@@ -80,7 +93,8 @@ targets:
      stdout:
        - match: "^\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+"

-  - name: "多规则 stdout 顺序校验"
+  - id: "bun-stdout-rules"
+    name: "多规则 stdout 顺序校验"
    type: cmd
    interval: "5m"
    cmd:
@@ -92,7 +106,8 @@ targets:
        - match: "\\d+\\.\\d+\\.\\d+"
        - contains: "healthy"

-  - name: "stderr 内容检查"
+  - id: "bun-stderr"
+    name: "stderr 内容检查"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "bun"
@@ -104,18 +119,20 @@ targets:

  # ========== DB targets ==========

-  - name: "SQLite 内存数据库连接测试"
+  - id: "sqlite-connect"
+    name: "SQLite 内存数据库连接测试"
    type: db
    group: "数据库"
    db:
-      url: "sqlite://:memory:"
+      url: "${sqlite_url}"
    expect:
      maxDurationMs: 1000

-  - name: "SQLite 内存数据库多列结果校验"
+  - id: "sqlite-query"
+    name: "SQLite 内存数据库多列结果校验"
    type: db
    db:
-      url: "sqlite://:memory:"
+      url: "${sqlite_url}"
      query: "SELECT 1 as id, 'Alice' as name, 'engineer' as role"
    expect:
      rowCount:
--- a/src/server/checker/config-loader.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/config-loader.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isNumber, isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
 import { dirname, resolve } from "node:path";

 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "./schema/issues";
@@ -8,6 +10,7 @@ import { issue, throwConfigIssues } from "./schema/issues";
 import { asValidatedConfig, type RawProbeConfig } from "./schema/types";
 import { validateProbeConfigContract } from "./schema/validate";
 import { parseDuration } from "./utils";
+import { resolveVariables } from "./variables";

 const DEFAULT_HOST = "127.0.0.1";
 const DEFAULT_PORT = 3000;
@@ -41,11 +44,17 @@ export async function loadConfig(configPath: string): Promise<ResolvedConfig> {
    throw new Error("配置文件内容为空或格式无效");
  }

-  const contractResult = validateProbeConfigContract(parsed, checkerRegistry);
-  if (contractResult.config === null && !canRunSemanticValidation(parsed)) {
+  const variableResult = resolveVariables(parsed);
+  if (variableResult.issues.length > 0) {
+    throwConfigIssues(dedupeIssues(variableResult.issues));
+  }
+
+  const resolvedVariablesConfig = variableResult.config;
+  const contractResult = validateProbeConfigContract(resolvedVariablesConfig, checkerRegistry);
+  if (contractResult.config === null && !canRunSemanticValidation(resolvedVariablesConfig)) {
    throwConfigIssues(contractResult.issues);
  }
-  const semanticInput = (contractResult.config ?? parsed) as RawProbeConfig;
+  const semanticInput = (contractResult.config ?? resolvedVariablesConfig) as RawProbeConfig;
  const validationIssues = validateConfig(semanticInput);

  const allIssues = [...contractResult.issues, ...validationIssues];
@@ -88,14 +97,14 @@ export async function loadConfig(configPath: string): Promise<ResolvedConfig> {
 }

 function canRunSemanticValidation(value: unknown): boolean {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null;
+  return isPlainObject(value);
 }

 function dedupeIssues(issues: ConfigValidationIssue[]): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  const seen = new Set<string>();
  const result: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
  for (const item of issues) {
-    const key = `${item.code}:${item.path}:${item.message}:${item.targetName ?? ""}`;
+    const key = `${item.code}:${item.path}:${item.message}:${item.targetName ?? ""}:${item.targetId ?? ""}`;
    if (seen.has(key)) continue;
    seen.add(key);
    result.push(item);
@@ -103,16 +112,12 @@ function dedupeIssues(issues: ConfigValidationIssue[]): ConfigValidationIssue[]
  return result;
 }

-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
 export { parseDuration } from "./utils";

 function resolveMaxConcurrentChecks(runtime: EngineRuntimeConfig): number {
  if (runtime.maxConcurrentChecks === undefined) return DEFAULT_MAX_CONCURRENT_CHECKS;
  if (
-    typeof runtime.maxConcurrentChecks !== "number" ||
+    !isNumber(runtime.maxConcurrentChecks) ||
    !Number.isInteger(runtime.maxConcurrentChecks) ||
    runtime.maxConcurrentChecks <= 0
  )
@@ -145,29 +150,36 @@ function resolveTarget(

 function validateConfig(config: RawProbeConfig): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
-  if (!Array.isArray(config.targets) || config.targets.length === 0) {
+  if (!isArray(config.targets) || config.targets.length === 0) {
    issues.push(issue("required", "targets", "配置文件必须包含至少一个 target"));
    return issues;
  }
-  const names = new Set<string>();
+  const ids = new Set<string>();
  const supportedTypes = checkerRegistry.supportedTypes;

  for (let i = 0; i < config.targets.length; i++) {
    const rawTarget = config.targets[i] as unknown;
-    if (!isRecord(rawTarget)) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(rawTarget)) {
      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", `targets[${i}]`, "必须为对象"));
      continue;
    }
-    const raw = rawTarget;
+    const raw = rawTarget as Record<string, unknown>;

-    const name = raw["name"];
-    if (!name || typeof name !== "string" || name.trim() === "") {
-      issues.push(issue("required", `targets[${i}].name`, "缺少 name 字段"));
+    const id: unknown = raw["id"];
+    if (!isString(id) || id.trim() === "") {
+      issues.push(issue("required", `targets[${i}].id`, "缺少 id 字段"));
      continue;
    }

-    const type = raw["type"];
-    if (!type || typeof type !== "string") {
+    if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/.test(id)) {
+      issues.push(issue("invalid-format", `targets[${i}].id`, "id 不符合命名规则", id));
+    }
+
+    const nameValue: unknown = raw["name"];
+    const name = isString(nameValue) ? nameValue : id;
+
+    const type: unknown = raw["type"];
+    if (!isString(type)) {
      issues.push(issue("required", `targets[${i}].type`, "缺少 type 字段", name));
      continue;
    }
@@ -183,16 +195,16 @@ function validateConfig(config: RawProbeConfig): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
      );
    }

-    const group = raw["group"];
-    if (group !== undefined && typeof group !== "string") {
+    const group: unknown = raw["group"];
+    if (group !== undefined && !isString(group)) {
      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", `targets[${i}].group`, "必须为字符串", name));
    }

-    if (names.has(name)) {
-      issues.push(issue("duplicate-name", `targets[${i}].name`, `target name 重复: "${name}"`, name));
+    if (ids.has(id)) {
+      issues.push(issue("duplicate-id", `targets[${i}].id`, `target id 重复: "${id}"`, name));
    }

-    names.add(name);
+    ids.add(id);
  }

  for (const checker of checkerRegistry.definitions) {
@@ -202,22 +214,29 @@ function validateConfig(config: RawProbeConfig): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  validateDurationValue(config.defaults?.interval, "defaults.interval", issues);
  validateDurationValue(config.defaults?.timeout, "defaults.timeout", issues);
  validateDurationValue(
-    typeof config.runtime?.retention === "string" ? config.runtime.retention : undefined,
+    isString(config.runtime?.retention) ? config.runtime.retention : undefined,
    "runtime.retention",
    issues,
  );
  for (let i = 0; i < config.targets.length; i++) {
    const target = config.targets[i] as unknown;
-    if (!isRecord(target)) continue;
-    const targetName = typeof target["name"] === "string" ? target["name"] : undefined;
+    if (!isPlainObject(target)) continue;
+    const targetRecord = target as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const targetNameValue: unknown = targetRecord["name"];
+    const targetIdValue: unknown = targetRecord["id"];
+    const targetName = isString(targetNameValue)
+      ? targetNameValue
+      : isString(targetIdValue)
+        ? targetIdValue
+        : undefined;
    validateDurationValue(
-      typeof target["interval"] === "string" ? target["interval"] : undefined,
+      isString(targetRecord["interval"]) ? targetRecord["interval"] : undefined,
      `targets[${i}].interval`,
      issues,
      targetName,
    );
    validateDurationValue(
-      typeof target["timeout"] === "string" ? target["timeout"] : undefined,
+      isString(targetRecord["timeout"]) ? targetRecord["timeout"] : undefined,
      `targets[${i}].timeout`,
      issues,
      targetName,
--- a/src/server/checker/engine.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/engine.ts
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ export class ProbeEngine {
  private retentionMs: number;
  private semaphore: Semaphore;
  private store: ProbeStore;
-  private targetNameToId = new Map<string, number>();
+  private targetIds = new Set<string>();
  private targets: ResolvedTargetBase[];
  private timers: Array<ReturnType<typeof setInterval>> = [];

@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ export class ProbeEngine {
          failure: errorFailure("internal", "engine", formatReason(result.reason)),
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: null,
-          targetName: target.name,
+          targetId: target.id,
          timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
        });
      }
@@ -85,9 +85,9 @@ export class ProbeEngine {
  }

  private refreshCache(): void {
-    this.targetNameToId.clear();
+    this.targetIds.clear();
    for (const target of this.store.getTargets()) {
-      this.targetNameToId.set(target.name, target.id);
+      this.targetIds.add(target.id);
    }
  }

@@ -104,15 +104,14 @@ export class ProbeEngine {
  }

  private writeResult(result: CheckResult): void {
-    const targetId = this.targetNameToId.get(result.targetName);
-    if (!targetId) return;
+    if (!this.targetIds.has(result.targetId)) return;

    this.store.insertCheckResult({
      durationMs: result.durationMs,
      failure: result.failure,
      matched: result.matched,
      statusDetail: result.statusDetail,
-      targetId,
+      targetId: result.targetId,
      timestamp: result.timestamp,
    });
  }
--- a/src/server/checker/expect/failure.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/expect/failure.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isObject } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
 import type { CheckFailure } from "../types";

 export function errorFailure(phase: CheckFailure["phase"], path: string, message: string): CheckFailure {
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ export function mismatchFailure(
 export function truncateActual(value: unknown, maxLen = 200): unknown {
  if (value === undefined || value === null) return value;

-  const str = typeof value === "string" ? value : typeof value === "object" ? JSON.stringify(value) : undefined;
+  const str = isString(value) ? value : isObject(value) ? JSON.stringify(value) : undefined;
  if (str === undefined) return value;
  if (str.length <= maxLen) return value;
  return `${str.slice(0, maxLen)}…(共 ${str.length} 字符)`;
--- a/src/server/checker/expect/operator.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/expect/operator.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { isEmptyObject, isEqual, isNil, isPlainObject } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";

 import type { ExpectOperator, ExpectValue } from "../types";

@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@ export function applyOperator(actual: unknown, op: ExpectOperator): boolean {
        break;
      case "empty": {
        const isEmpty =
-          isNil(actual) || actual === "" || (Array.isArray(actual) && actual.length === 0) || isEmptyObject(actual);
+          isNil(actual) || actual === "" || (isArray(actual) && actual.length === 0) || isEmptyObject(actual);
        if (expected !== isEmpty) return false;
        break;
      }
@@ -67,7 +68,7 @@ export function evaluateJsonPath(json: unknown, path: string): unknown {
    if (bracketMatch) {
      current = (current as Record<string, unknown>)?.[bracketMatch[1]!];
      const idx = parseInt(bracketMatch[2]!, 10);
-      if (!Array.isArray(current) || idx >= current.length) return undefined;
+      if (!isArray(current) || idx >= current.length) return undefined;
      current = current[idx];
    } else {
      if (current === null || current === undefined) return undefined;
--- a/src/server/checker/expect/validate-operator.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/expect/validate-operator.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { isBoolean, isNumber, isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "../schema/issues";
 import type { JsonValue } from "../types";

@@ -9,17 +12,17 @@ const OPERATOR_KEY_SET = new Set<string>(OperatorKeys);

 export function isJsonValue(value: unknown): value is JsonValue {
  if (value === null) return true;
-  if (typeof value === "string" || typeof value === "boolean") return true;
-  if (typeof value === "number") return Number.isFinite(value);
-  if (Array.isArray(value)) return value.every(isJsonValue);
-  if (typeof value === "object") {
-    return Object.values(value as Record<string, unknown>).every(isJsonValue);
+  if (isString(value) || isBoolean(value)) return true;
+  if (isNumber(value)) return Number.isFinite(value);
+  if (isArray(value)) return value.every(isJsonValue);
+  if (isPlainObject(value)) {
+    return Object.values(value).every(isJsonValue);
  }
  return false;
 }

 export function isPlainRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isPlainObject(value);
 }

 export function validateOperatorObject(
@@ -54,21 +57,21 @@ export function validateOperatorValue(
 ): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  switch (key) {
    case "contains":
-      return typeof value === "string" ? [] : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
+      return isString(value) ? [] : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
    case "empty":
    case "exists":
-      return typeof value === "boolean" ? [] : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为布尔值", targetName)];
+      return isBoolean(value) ? [] : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为布尔值", targetName)];
    case "equals":
      return isJsonValue(value) ? [] : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为 JSON value", targetName)];
    case "gt":
    case "gte":
    case "lt":
    case "lte":
-      return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value)
+      return isNumber(value) && Number.isFinite(value)
        ? []
        : [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为有限数字", targetName)];
    case "match":
-      if (typeof value !== "string") return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
+      if (!isString(value)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
      try {
        new RegExp(value);
      } catch {
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/cmd/execute.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/cmd/execute.ts
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: errorFailure("exitCode", "spawn", isError(error) ? error.message : String(error)),
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: null,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: errorFailure("exitCode", "execution", "输出读取失败"),
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: null,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: errorFailure("exitCode", "output", `输出超过限制 ${t.cmd.maxOutputBytes} 字节`),
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -101,7 +101,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: errorFailure("exitCode", "timeout", `命令执行超时 (${t.timeoutMs}ms)`),
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: null,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -113,7 +113,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: exitCodeResult.failure,
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -125,7 +125,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
        failure: durationResult.failure,
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -138,7 +138,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
          failure: stdoutResult.failure,
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
          failure: stderrResult.failure,
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -163,7 +163,7 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
      failure: null,
      matched: true,
      statusDetail: `exitCode=${exitCode}`,
-      targetName: t.name,
+      targetId: t.id,
      timestamp,
    };
  }
@@ -189,8 +189,9 @@ export class CommandChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedCommandTarget>
      },
      expect: target.expect as CommandExpectConfig | undefined,
      group: target.group ?? "default",
+      id: t.id,
      intervalMs: context.defaultIntervalMs,
-      name: t.name,
+      name: t.name ?? t.id,
      timeoutMs: context.defaultTimeoutMs,
      type: "cmd",
    } satisfies ResolvedCommandTarget;
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/cmd/validate.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/cmd/validate.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { isNumber, isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "../../schema/issues";
 import type { CheckerValidationInput } from "../types";

@@ -7,7 +10,8 @@ import { parseSize } from "../../utils";

 export function validateCommandConfig(input: CheckerValidationInput): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
-  const defaults = isRecord(input.defaults) && isRecord(input.defaults["cmd"]) ? input.defaults["cmd"] : undefined;
+  const defaults =
+    isPlainObject(input.defaults) && isPlainObject(input.defaults["cmd"]) ? input.defaults["cmd"] : undefined;

  if (isSizeInput(defaults?.["maxOutputBytes"])) {
    issues.push(...validateSizeValue(defaults["maxOutputBytes"], "defaults.cmd.maxOutputBytes"));
@@ -15,7 +19,7 @@ export function validateCommandConfig(input: CheckerValidationInput): ConfigVali

  for (let i = 0; i < input.targets.length; i++) {
    const target = input.targets[i] as unknown;
-    if (!isRecord(target)) continue;
+    if (!isPlainObject(target)) continue;
    if (target["type"] !== "cmd") continue;
    issues.push(...validateCommandTarget(target, `targets[${i}]`));
  }
@@ -24,25 +28,22 @@ export function validateCommandConfig(input: CheckerValidationInput): ConfigVali
 }

 function getTargetName(target: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined {
-  return typeof target["name"] === "string" ? target["name"] : undefined;
+  if (isString(target["name"])) return target["name"];
+  return isString(target["id"]) ? target["id"] : undefined;
 }

 function isNonNegativeFiniteNumber(value: unknown): boolean {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
-}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isNumber(value) && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
 }

 function isSizeInput(value: unknown): value is number | string {
-  return typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "string";
+  return isNumber(value) || isString(value);
 }

 function validateCommandExpect(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  const targetName = getTargetName(target);
  const expect = target["expect"];
-  if (expect === undefined || expect === null || !isRecord(expect)) return [];
+  if (expect === undefined || expect === null || !isPlainObject(expect)) return [];
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
  const expectPath = joinPath(path, "expect");
  if (expect["stdout"] !== undefined) {
@@ -61,12 +62,12 @@ function validateCommandTarget(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): C
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
  const targetName = getTargetName(target);
  const cmd = target["cmd"];
-  if (!isRecord(cmd)) {
+  if (!isPlainObject(cmd)) {
    issues.push(issue("required", joinPath(path, "cmd"), "缺少 cmd.exec 字段", targetName));
    issues.push(...validateCommandExpect(target, path));
    return issues;
  }
-  if (typeof cmd["exec"] !== "string" || cmd["exec"].trim() === "") {
+  if (!isString(cmd["exec"]) || cmd["exec"].trim() === "") {
    issues.push(issue("required", joinPath(joinPath(path, "cmd"), "exec"), "缺少 cmd.exec 字段", targetName));
  }
  if (isSizeInput(cmd["maxOutputBytes"])) {
@@ -88,6 +89,6 @@ function validateSizeValue(value: number | string, path: string, targetName?: st
 }

 function validateTextRules(rules: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
-  if (!Array.isArray(rules)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为数组", targetName)];
+  if (!isArray(rules)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为数组", targetName)];
  return rules.flatMap((rule, index) => validateOperatorObject(rule, `${path}[${index}]`, targetName));
 }
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/db/execute.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/db/execute.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { SQL } from "bun";
 import { isError } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";

 import type { CheckResult, RawTargetConfig } from "../../types";
 import type { CheckerContext, CheckerDefinition, CheckerValidationInput, ResolveContext } from "../types";
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
          failure: errorFailure("connect", "connect", isError(error) ? error.message : String(error)),
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: null,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -65,7 +66,7 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
            failure: durationResult.failure,
            matched: false,
            statusDetail: "connected",
-            targetName: t.name,
+            targetId: t.id,
            timestamp,
          };
        }
@@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
          failure: null,
          matched: true,
          statusDetail: "connected",
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -90,7 +91,7 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
          failure: errorFailure("query", "query", isError(error) ? error.message : String(error)),
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: null,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
          failure: errorFailure("query", "timeout", `查询超时 (${t.timeoutMs}ms)`),
          matched: false,
          statusDetail: null,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -116,8 +117,8 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
          durationMs,
          failure: durationResult.failure,
          matched: false,
-          statusDetail: `${Array.isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
-          targetName: t.name,
+          statusDetail: `${isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
+          targetId: t.id,
          timestamp,
        };
      }
@@ -130,8 +131,8 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
            durationMs,
            failure: rowCountResult.failure,
            matched: false,
-            statusDetail: `${Array.isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
-            targetName: t.name,
+            statusDetail: `${isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
+            targetId: t.id,
            timestamp,
          };
        }
@@ -145,8 +146,8 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
            durationMs,
            failure: rowsResult.failure,
            matched: false,
-            statusDetail: `${Array.isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
-            targetName: t.name,
+            statusDetail: `${isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
+            targetId: t.id,
            timestamp,
          };
        }
@@ -156,8 +157,8 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
        durationMs,
        failure: null,
        matched: true,
-        statusDetail: `${Array.isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        statusDetail: `${isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0} rows`,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    } finally {
@@ -181,8 +182,9 @@ export class DbChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedDbTarget> {
      },
      expect: target.expect as DbExpectConfig | undefined,
      group: target.group ?? "default",
+      id: t.id,
      intervalMs: context.defaultIntervalMs,
-      name: t.name,
+      name: t.name ?? t.id,
      timeoutMs: context.defaultTimeoutMs,
      type: "db",
    } satisfies ResolvedDbTarget;
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/db/expect.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/db/expect.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { isPlainObject } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
 import type { ExpectResult } from "../../expect/types";
 import type { ExpectOperator, ExpectValue } from "../../types";

@@ -5,7 +8,7 @@ import { mismatchFailure } from "../../expect/failure";
 import { checkExpectValue } from "../../expect/operator";

 export function checkRowCount(rows: unknown, op: ExpectOperator): ExpectResult {
-  const actual = Array.isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0;
+  const actual = isArray(rows) ? rows.length : 0;
  const matched = checkExpectValue(actual, op);
  if (!matched) {
    return {
@@ -17,7 +20,7 @@ export function checkRowCount(rows: unknown, op: ExpectOperator): ExpectResult {
 }

 export function checkRows(rows: unknown, rules: Array<Record<string, ExpectValue>>): ExpectResult {
-  if (!Array.isArray(rows)) {
+  if (!isArray(rows)) {
    return {
      failure: mismatchFailure("row", "rows", rules, rows, "查询结果不是数组"),
      matched: false,
@@ -34,7 +37,7 @@ export function checkRows(rows: unknown, rules: Array<Record<string, ExpectValue
    }

    const row = rows[i]! as null | Record<string, unknown> | undefined;
-    if (!row || typeof row !== "object" || Array.isArray(row)) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(row)) {
      return {
        failure: mismatchFailure("row", `rows[${i}]`, "object", row, `第 ${i + 1} 行不是对象`),
        matched: false,
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/db/validate.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/db/validate.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
+import { isNumber, isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "../../schema/issues";
 import type { CheckerValidationInput } from "../types";

@@ -10,7 +13,7 @@ export function validateDbConfig(input: CheckerValidationInput): ConfigValidatio

  for (let i = 0; i < input.targets.length; i++) {
    const target = input.targets[i] as unknown;
-    if (!isRecord(target)) continue;
+    if (!isPlainObject(target)) continue;
    if (target["type"] !== "db") continue;
    issues.push(...validateDbTarget(target, `targets[${i}]`));
  }
@@ -22,28 +25,29 @@ function collectRowOperators(rows: unknown[], path: string, targetName?: string)
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < rows.length; i++) {
    const row = rows[i]!;
-    if (!isRecord(row)) {
+    if (!isPlainObject(row)) {
      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", `${path}[${i}]`, "必须为对象", targetName));
      continue;
    }
    for (const [col, value] of Object.entries(row)) {
      const colPath = `${path}[${i}].${col}`;
-      if (isRecord(value) && Object.keys(value).some((k) => k === "match")) {
+      if (isPlainObject(value) && Object.keys(value).some((k) => k === "match")) {
        // 检查 match 正则
-        const match = value["match"];
-        if (typeof match === "string") {
+        const valueRecord = value as Record<string, unknown>;
+        const match: unknown = valueRecord["match"];
+        if (isString(match)) {
          try {
            new RegExp(match);
          } catch {
            issues.push(issue("invalid-regex", colPath, "正则不合法", targetName));
          }
-          if (typeof match === "string" && isUnsafeRegex(match)) {
+          if (isUnsafeRegex(match)) {
            issues.push(issue("unsafe-regex", colPath, "正则存在 ReDoS 风险", targetName));
          }
        }
      }
      // 校验 operator 对象
-      if (isRecord(value)) {
+      if (isPlainObject(value)) {
        issues.push(...validateOperatorObject(value, colPath, targetName, { requireAtLeastOne: false }));
      }
    }
@@ -52,21 +56,18 @@ function collectRowOperators(rows: unknown[], path: string, targetName?: string)
 }

 function getTargetName(target: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined {
-  return typeof target["name"] === "string" ? target["name"] : undefined;
+  if (isString(target["name"])) return target["name"];
+  return isString(target["id"]) ? target["id"] : undefined;
 }

 function isNonNegativeFiniteNumber(value: unknown): boolean {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
-}
-
-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
+  return isNumber(value) && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
 }

 function validateDbExpect(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  const targetName = getTargetName(target);
  const expect = target["expect"];
-  if (expect === undefined || expect === null || !isRecord(expect)) return [];
+  if (expect === undefined || expect === null || !isPlainObject(expect)) return [];
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
  const expectPath = joinPath(path, "expect");

@@ -79,7 +80,7 @@ function validateDbExpect(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Config
  }

  if (expect["rows"] !== undefined) {
-    if (!Array.isArray(expect["rows"])) {
+    if (!isArray(expect["rows"])) {
      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(expectPath, "rows"), "必须为数组", targetName));
    } else {
      issues.push(...collectRowOperators(expect["rows"], joinPath(expectPath, "rows"), targetName));
@@ -102,20 +103,20 @@ function validateDbTarget(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Config
  const targetName = getTargetName(target);
  const db = target["db"];

-  if (!isRecord(db)) {
+  if (!isPlainObject(db)) {
    issues.push(issue("required", joinPath(path, "db"), "缺少 db.url 字段", targetName));
    issues.push(...validateDbExpect(target, path));
    return issues;
  }

  // url 必填
-  if (typeof db["url"] !== "string" || db["url"].trim() === "") {
+  if (!isString(db["url"]) || db["url"].trim() === "") {
    issues.push(issue("required", joinPath(joinPath(path, "db"), "url"), "缺少 db.url 字段", targetName));
  }

  // query 可选但不能为空字符串
  if (db["query"] !== undefined) {
-    if (typeof db["query"] !== "string") {
+    if (!isString(db["query"])) {
      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(joinPath(path, "db"), "query"), "必须为字符串", targetName));
    } else if (db["query"].trim() === "") {
      issues.push(
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/http/body.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/http/body.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import { DOMParser } from "@xmldom/xmldom";
 import * as cheerio from "cheerio";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
 import * as xpath from "xpath";

 import type { ExpectResult } from "../../expect/types";
@@ -177,7 +178,7 @@ function checkXpathRule(body: string, rule: XpathRule, rulePath: string): Expect
  }

  const nodes = xpath.select(path, doc as unknown as Node);
-  if (!nodes || !Array.isArray(nodes) || nodes.length === 0) {
+  if (!nodes || !isArray(nodes) || nodes.length === 0) {
    return {
      failure: mismatchFailure("body", fullPath, "node found", "no match", `xpath ${path} not found`),
      matched: false,
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/http/execute.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/http/execute.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { isError } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isObject } from "es-toolkit/compat";

 import type { CheckResult, RawTargetConfig } from "../../types";
 import type { CheckerContext, CheckerDefinition, CheckerValidationInput, ResolveContext } from "../types";
@@ -95,7 +96,7 @@ export class HttpChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedHttpTarget> {
        ),
        matched: false,
        statusDetail: null,
-        targetName: t.name,
+        targetId: t.id,
        timestamp,
      };
    }
@@ -122,8 +123,9 @@ export class HttpChecker implements CheckerDefinition<ResolvedHttpTarget> {
        method,
        url: t.http.url,
      },
+      id: t.id,
      intervalMs: context.defaultIntervalMs,
-      name: t.name,
+      name: t.name ?? t.id,
      timeoutMs: context.defaultTimeoutMs,
      type: "http",
    } satisfies ResolvedHttpTarget;
@@ -154,10 +156,7 @@ function buildRedirectInit(init: RequestInit, statusCode: number, fromUrl: strin
  const method = init.method?.toUpperCase();

  if (statusCode === 303 || ((statusCode === 301 || statusCode === 302) && method === "POST")) {
-    const headers =
-      typeof init.headers === "object" && init.headers !== null
-        ? { ...(init.headers as Record<string, string>) }
-        : undefined;
+    const headers = isObject(init.headers) ? { ...(init.headers as Record<string, string>) } : undefined;
    if (headers) {
      for (const key of Object.keys(headers)) {
        const lower = key.toLowerCase();
@@ -172,7 +171,7 @@ function buildRedirectInit(init: RequestInit, statusCode: number, fromUrl: strin
  try {
    const fromOrigin = new URL(fromUrl).origin;
    const toOrigin = new URL(toUrl).origin;
-    if (fromOrigin !== toOrigin && newInit.headers && typeof newInit.headers === "object") {
+    if (fromOrigin !== toOrigin && isObject(newInit.headers)) {
      const headers = { ...(newInit.headers as Record<string, string>) };
      for (const key of Object.keys(headers)) {
        if (SENSITIVE_HEADERS.has(key.toLowerCase())) {
@@ -264,7 +263,7 @@ function makeResult(
    failure,
    matched: failure === null,
    statusDetail: `HTTP ${statusCode}`,
-    targetName: t.name,
+    targetId: t.id,
    timestamp,
  };
 }
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/http/expect.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/http/expect.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isNumber, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+
 import type { ExpectResult } from "../../expect/types";
 import type { HeaderExpect } from "./types";

@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ export function checkHeaders(
    const actualValue = headers[key.toLowerCase()];
    const path = `headers.${key}`;

-    if (typeof expected === "string") {
+    if (isString(expected)) {
      if (actualValue !== expected) {
        return {
          failure: mismatchFailure("headers", path, expected, actualValue, `header ${key} mismatch`),
@@ -45,7 +47,7 @@ export function checkHeaders(

 export function checkStatus(statusCode: number, allowed: Array<number | string>): ExpectResult {
  const matched = allowed.some((pattern) => {
-    if (typeof pattern === "number") return statusCode === pattern;
+    if (isNumber(pattern)) return statusCode === pattern;
    const base = parseInt(pattern[0]!, 10) * 100;
    return statusCode >= base && statusCode < base + 100;
  });
--- a/src/server/checker/runner/http/validate.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/runner/http/validate.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
 import { DOMParser } from "@xmldom/xmldom";
+import { isNumber, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
 import * as xpath from "xpath";

 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "../../schema/issues";
@@ -14,7 +16,7 @@ const ALLOWED_PROTOCOLS = new Set(["http:", "https:"]);
 const OPERATOR_KEY_SET = new Set<string>(OperatorKeys);

 export function validateBodyRules(body: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
-  if (!Array.isArray(body)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为数组", targetName)];
+  if (!isArray(body)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为数组", targetName)];
  return body.flatMap((rule, index) => validateSingleBodyRule(rule, `${path}[${index}]`, targetName));
 }

@@ -75,24 +77,25 @@ function collectOperatorObject(
 }

 function getTargetName(target: Record<string, unknown>): string | undefined {
-  return typeof target["name"] === "string" ? target["name"] : undefined;
+  if (isString(target["name"])) return target["name"];
+  return isString(target["id"]) ? target["id"] : undefined;
 }

 function isNonNegativeFiniteNumber(value: unknown): boolean {
-  return typeof value === "number" && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
+  return isNumber(value) && Number.isFinite(value) && value >= 0;
 }

 function isSizeInput(value: unknown): value is number | string {
-  return typeof value === "number" || typeof value === "string";
+  return isNumber(value) || isString(value);
 }

 function validateCssRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  if (!isPlainRecord(rule)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为对象", targetName)];
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
-  if (typeof rule["selector"] !== "string" || rule["selector"].trim() === "") {
+  if (!isString(rule["selector"]) || rule["selector"].trim() === "") {
    issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(path, "selector"), "必须为非空字符串", targetName));
  }
-  if ("attr" in rule && typeof rule["attr"] !== "string") {
+  if ("attr" in rule && !isString(rule["attr"])) {
    issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(path, "attr"), "必须为字符串", targetName));
  }
  const result = collectOperatorObject(rule, new Set(["attr", "selector"]), path, targetName);
@@ -112,7 +115,7 @@ function validateHttpExpect(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Conf

  if (isPlainRecord(expect["headers"])) {
    for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(expect["headers"])) {
-      if (typeof value === "string") continue;
+      if (isString(value)) continue;
      issues.push(...validateOperatorObject(value, joinPath(joinPath(expectPath, "headers"), key), targetName));
    }
  }
@@ -121,7 +124,7 @@ function validateHttpExpect(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Conf
    issues.push(...validateBodyRules(expect["body"], joinPath(expectPath, "body"), targetName));
  }

-  if (Array.isArray(expect["status"])) {
+  if (isArray(expect["status"])) {
    issues.push(...validateStatusValues(expect["status"], joinPath(expectPath, "status"), targetName));
  }

@@ -141,7 +144,7 @@ function validateHttpTarget(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Conf
    issues.push(...validateHttpExpect(target, path));
    return issues;
  }
-  if (typeof http["url"] !== "string" || http["url"].trim() === "") {
+  if (!isString(http["url"]) || http["url"].trim() === "") {
    issues.push(issue("required", joinPath(joinPath(path, "http"), "url"), "缺少 http.url 字段", targetName));
  } else {
    try {
@@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ function validateHttpTarget(target: Record<string, unknown>, path: string): Conf
 function validateJsonRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  if (!isPlainRecord(rule)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为对象", targetName)];
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
-  if (typeof rule["path"] !== "string") {
+  if (!isString(rule["path"])) {
    issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(path, "path"), "必须为字符串", targetName));
  } else {
    issues.push(...validateJsonPath(rule["path"], path, targetName));
@@ -186,7 +189,7 @@ function validateJsonRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): Con
 }

 function validateRegexRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
-  if (typeof rule !== "string") return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
+  if (!isString(rule)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为字符串", targetName)];
  try {
    new RegExp(rule);
  } catch {
@@ -210,7 +213,7 @@ function validateSingleBodyRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string

  switch (ruleType) {
    case "contains":
-      return typeof rule["contains"] === "string"
+      return isString(rule["contains"])
        ? []
        : [issue("invalid-type", joinPath(path, "contains"), "必须为字符串", targetName)];
    case "css":
@@ -238,13 +241,13 @@ function validateStatusValues(values: unknown[], path: string, targetName?: stri
  for (let i = 0; i < values.length; i++) {
    const value = values[i];
    const itemPath = `${path}[${i}]`;
-    if (typeof value === "number") {
+    if (isNumber(value)) {
      if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 100 || value > 599) {
        issues.push(issue("invalid-status", itemPath, "status 数字必须为 100-599 之间的整数", targetName));
      }
      continue;
    }
-    if (typeof value === "string") {
+    if (isString(value)) {
      if (!/^[1-5]xx$/.test(value)) {
        issues.push(issue("invalid-status", itemPath, "status 模式必须为 1xx 到 5xx", targetName));
      }
@@ -258,7 +261,7 @@ function validateStatusValues(values: unknown[], path: string, targetName?: stri
 function validateXpathRule(rule: unknown, path: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue[] {
  if (!isPlainRecord(rule)) return [issue("invalid-type", path, "必须为对象", targetName)];
  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
-  if (typeof rule["path"] !== "string" || rule["path"].trim() === "") {
+  if (!isString(rule["path"]) || rule["path"].trim() === "") {
    issues.push(issue("invalid-type", joinPath(path, "path"), "必须为非空字符串", targetName));
  } else {
    try {
--- a/src/server/checker/schema/builder.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/schema/builder.ts
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import { Type } from "@sinclair/typebox";

 import type { CheckerDefinition } from "../runner/types";

-import { durationSchema } from "./fragments";
+import { durationSchema, variableValueSchema } from "./fragments";

 export function createExternalProbeConfigSchema(checkers: CheckerDefinition[]): Record<string, unknown> {
  return {
@@ -41,6 +41,7 @@ export function createProbeConfigSchema(checkers: CheckerDefinition[], external
      targets: Type.Array(external ? createExternalTargetSchema(checkers) : createBaseTargetSchema(checkers), {
        minItems: 1,
      }),
+      variables: Type.Optional(Type.Record(Type.String({ pattern: "^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$" }), variableValueSchema)),
    },
    { additionalProperties: false },
  );
@@ -50,8 +51,9 @@ export function createTargetSchema(checker: CheckerDefinition): TSchema {
  const properties: Record<string, TSchema> = {
    expect: Type.Optional(checker.schemas.expect),
    group: Type.Optional(Type.String()),
+    id: Type.String({ minLength: 1 }),
    interval: Type.Optional(durationSchema),
-    name: Type.String({ minLength: 1 }),
+    name: Type.Optional(Type.String({ minLength: 1 })),
    timeout: Type.Optional(durationSchema),
    type: Type.Literal(checker.type),
  };
@@ -67,8 +69,9 @@ function createBaseTargetSchema(checkers: CheckerDefinition[]): TSchema {
  return Type.Object(
    {
      group: Type.Optional(Type.String()),
+      id: Type.String({ minLength: 1 }),
      interval: Type.Optional(durationSchema),
-      name: Type.String({ minLength: 1 }),
+      name: Type.Optional(Type.String({ minLength: 1 })),
      timeout: Type.Optional(durationSchema),
      type: Type.Union(checkers.map((checker) => Type.Literal(checker.type)) as unknown as [TSchema, ...TSchema[]]),
    },
--- a/src/server/checker/schema/fragments.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/schema/fragments.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,8 @@ export const jsonValueSchema = Type.Unsafe<JsonValue>({

 export const sizeSchema = Type.Union([Type.String(), Type.Integer({ minimum: 0 })]);

+export const variableValueSchema = Type.Union([Type.String(), Type.Number(), Type.Boolean()]);
+
 export const statusCodePatternSchema = Type.Union([
  Type.Integer({ maximum: 599, minimum: 100 }),
  Type.String({ pattern: "^[1-5]xx$" }),
--- a/src/server/checker/schema/issues.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/schema/issues.ts
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ export interface ConfigValidationIssue {
  code: string;
  message: string;
  path: string;
+  targetId?: string;
  targetName?: string;
 }

@@ -9,8 +10,20 @@ export function formatConfigIssues(issues: ConfigValidationIssue[]): string {
  return issues.map(formatConfigIssue).join("\n");
 }

-export function issue(code: string, path: string, message: string, targetName?: string): ConfigValidationIssue {
-  return targetName === undefined ? { code, message, path } : { code, message, path, targetName };
+export function issue(
+  code: string,
+  path: string,
+  message: string,
+  targetName?: string,
+  targetId?: string,
+): ConfigValidationIssue {
+  return {
+    code,
+    message,
+    path,
+    ...(targetName === undefined ? {} : { targetName }),
+    ...(targetId === undefined ? {} : { targetId }),
+  };
 }

 export function joinPath(base: string, key: string): string {
@@ -28,6 +41,15 @@ export function throwConfigIssues(issues: ConfigValidationIssue[]): never {
 }

 function formatConfigIssue(issue: ConfigValidationIssue): string {
+  if (issue.targetId) {
+    const path = issue.path.replace(/^targets\[\d+\]\.?/, "");
+    const renderedPath = path === "" ? "配置" : path;
+    const label =
+      issue.targetName && issue.targetName !== issue.targetId
+        ? `target "${issue.targetName}" (id: "${issue.targetId}")`
+        : `target id "${issue.targetId}"`;
+    return `${label} 的 ${renderedPath} ${issue.message}`;
+  }
  if (issue.targetName) {
    const path = issue.path.replace(/^targets\[\d+\]\.?/, "");
    const renderedPath = path === "" ? "配置" : path;
--- a/src/server/checker/schema/validate.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/schema/validate.ts
@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 import type { ErrorObject } from "ajv";

 import Ajv from "ajv";
+import { isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";

 import type { CheckerRegistry } from "../runner/registry";
 import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "./issues";
@@ -29,12 +31,19 @@ export function validateProbeConfigContract(
    issues.push(...issuesFromAjvErrors(rootValidate.errors ?? [], config));
  }

-  if (isRecord(config) && isUnknownArray(config["targets"])) {
-    const targets = config["targets"];
+  if (isPlainObject(config)) {
+    const configRecord = config as Record<string, unknown>;
+    const targetsValue: unknown = configRecord["targets"];
+    if (!isArray(targetsValue))
+      return issues.length > 0 ? { config: null, issues } : { config: config as RawProbeConfig, issues: [] };
+    const targets = targetsValue;
    for (let i = 0; i < targets.length; i++) {
-      const target = targets[i];
-      if (!isRecord(target) || typeof target["type"] !== "string") continue;
-      const checker = registry.tryGet(target["type"]);
+      const target: unknown = targets[i];
+      if (!isPlainObject(target)) continue;
+      const targetRecord = target as Record<string, unknown>;
+      const targetType: unknown = targetRecord["type"];
+      if (!isString(targetType)) continue;
+      const checker = registry.tryGet(targetType);
      if (!checker) continue;
      const targetValidate = ajv.compile(createTargetSchema(checker));
      if (!targetValidate(target)) {
@@ -62,13 +71,9 @@ function hasMoreSpecificError(keywords: Set<string>): boolean {
  return ["const", "enum", "maximum", "minimum", "minLength", "pattern"].some((keyword) => keywords.has(keyword));
 }

-function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
-  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null && !Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
 function issueFromAjvError(error: ErrorObject, root: unknown, basePath: string): ConfigValidationIssue {
  const path = buildIssuePath(basePath, error);
-  const targetName = targetNameFromPath(root, path);
+  const targetName = targetDisplayNameFromPath(root, path);
  switch (error.keyword) {
    case "additionalProperties":
      return issue("unknown-field", path, "是未知字段", targetName);
@@ -91,10 +96,6 @@ function issueFromAjvError(error: ErrorObject, root: unknown, basePath: string):
  }
 }

-function isUnknownArray(value: unknown): value is unknown[] {
-  return Array.isArray(value);
-}
-
 function joinBasePath(basePath: string, path: string): string {
  if (basePath === "") return path;
  if (path === "") return basePath;
@@ -136,10 +137,17 @@ function normalizeAjvErrors(errors: ErrorObject[], basePath: string): ErrorObjec
  });
 }

-function targetNameFromPath(root: unknown, path: string): string | undefined {
+function targetDisplayNameFromPath(root: unknown, path: string): string | undefined {
  const match = /^targets\[(\d+)\]/.exec(path);
-  if (!match || !isRecord(root) || !isUnknownArray(root["targets"])) return undefined;
-  const target = root["targets"][Number(match[1])];
-  if (!isRecord(target) || typeof target["name"] !== "string") return undefined;
-  return target["name"];
+  if (!match || !isPlainObject(root)) return undefined;
+  const rootRecord = root as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const targetsValue: unknown = rootRecord["targets"];
+  if (!isArray(targetsValue)) return undefined;
+  const target: unknown = targetsValue[Number(match[1])];
+  if (!isPlainObject(target)) return undefined;
+  const targetRecord = target as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const targetName: unknown = targetRecord["name"];
+  if (isString(targetName)) return targetName;
+  const targetId: unknown = targetRecord["id"];
+  return isString(targetId) ? targetId : undefined;
 }
--- a/src/server/checker/store.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/store.ts
@@ -8,8 +8,8 @@ import { checkerRegistry } from "./runner";

 const CREATE_TARGETS_TABLE = `
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS targets (
-  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-  name TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE,
+  id TEXT PRIMARY KEY,
+  name TEXT NOT NULL,
  type TEXT NOT NULL,
  target TEXT NOT NULL,
  config TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '{}',
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS targets (
 const CREATE_CHECK_RESULTS_TABLE = `
 CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS check_results (
  id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
-  target_id INTEGER NOT NULL,
+  target_id TEXT NOT NULL,
  timestamp TEXT NOT NULL,
  matched INTEGER NOT NULL,
  duration_ms REAL,
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {

  getAllRecentSamples(
    limit: number,
-  ): Map<number, Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }>> {
+  ): Map<string, Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }>> {
    if (this.closed) return new Map();

    const rows = this.db
@@ -80,11 +80,11 @@ export class ProbeStore {
      .all(limit) as Array<{
      duration_ms: null | number;
      matched: number;
-      target_id: number;
+      target_id: string;
      timestamp: string;
    }>;

-    const result = new Map<number, Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }>>();
+    const result = new Map<string, Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }>>();
    for (const row of rows) {
      const samples = result.get(row.target_id) ?? [];
      samples.push({ duration_ms: row.duration_ms, matched: row.matched, timestamp: row.timestamp });
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
  getAllTargetWindowStats(
    from: string,
    to: string,
-  ): Map<number, { availability: number; downChecks: number; totalChecks: number; upChecks: number }> {
+  ): Map<string, { availability: number; downChecks: number; totalChecks: number; upChecks: number }> {
    if (this.closed) return new Map();

    const rows = this.db
@@ -108,10 +108,10 @@ export class ProbeStore {
         WHERE timestamp >= ? AND timestamp <= ?
         GROUP BY target_id`,
      )
-      .all(from, to) as Array<{ downChecks: number; target_id: number; totalChecks: number; upChecks: number }>;
+      .all(from, to) as Array<{ downChecks: number; target_id: string; totalChecks: number; upChecks: number }>;

    const result = new Map<
-      number,
+      string,
      { availability: number; downChecks: number; totalChecks: number; upChecks: number }
    >();
    for (const row of rows) {
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
  getDashboardIncidentStates(
    from: string,
    to: string,
-  ): Array<{ matched: number; target_id: number; timestamp: string }> {
+  ): Array<{ matched: number; target_id: string; timestamp: string }> {
    if (this.closed) return [];

    return this.db
@@ -139,11 +139,11 @@ export class ProbeStore {
         WHERE timestamp >= ? AND timestamp <= ?
         ORDER BY target_id ASC, timestamp ASC`,
      )
-      .all(from, to) as Array<{ matched: number; target_id: number; timestamp: string }>;
+      .all(from, to) as Array<{ matched: number; target_id: string; timestamp: string }>;
  }

  getHistory(
-    targetId: number,
+    targetId: string,
    from: string,
    to: string,
    page = 1,
@@ -163,13 +163,13 @@ export class ProbeStore {
    return { items, page, pageSize, total: countRow.total };
  }

-  getLatestCheck(targetId: number): null | StoredCheckResult {
+  getLatestCheck(targetId: string): null | StoredCheckResult {
    return this.db
      .query("SELECT * FROM check_results WHERE target_id = ? ORDER BY timestamp DESC LIMIT 1")
      .get(targetId) as null | StoredCheckResult;
  }

-  getLatestChecksMap(): Map<number, StoredCheckResult> {
+  getLatestChecksMap(): Map<string, StoredCheckResult> {
    const rows = this.db
      .query(
        `SELECT cr.* FROM check_results cr
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
  }

  getRecentSamples(
-    targetId: number,
+    targetId: string,
    limit: number,
  ): Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }> {
    return this.db
@@ -198,13 +198,13 @@ export class ProbeStore {
    }>;
  }

-  getTargetById(id: number): null | StoredTarget {
+  getTargetById(id: string): null | StoredTarget {
    if (this.closed) return null;
    return this.db.query("SELECT * FROM targets WHERE id = ?").get(id) as null | StoredTarget;
  }

  getTargetCheckpoints(
-    targetId: number,
+    targetId: string,
    from: string,
    to: string,
  ): Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }> {
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
      .all(targetId, from, to) as Array<{ duration_ms: null | number; matched: number; timestamp: string }>;
  }

-  getTargetDurations(targetId: number, from: string, to: string): number[] {
+  getTargetDurations(targetId: string, from: string, to: string): number[] {
    if (this.closed) return [];

    const rows = this.db
@@ -243,7 +243,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
  }

  getTargetWindowStats(
-    targetId: number,
+    targetId: string,
    from: string,
    to: string,
  ): {
@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ export class ProbeStore {
    failure: CheckFailure | null;
    matched: boolean;
    statusDetail: null | string;
-    targetId: number;
+    targetId: string;
    timestamp: string;
  }): void {
    if (this.closed) return;
@@ -308,18 +308,18 @@ export class ProbeStore {

  syncTargets(targets: ResolvedTargetBase[]): void {
    if (this.closed) return;
-    const existingRows = this.db.query("SELECT id, name FROM targets").all() as Array<{
-      id: number;
+    const existingRows = this.db.query("SELECT id FROM targets").all() as Array<{
+      id: string;
      name: string;
    }>;
-    const existingMap = new Map(existingRows.map((r) => [r.name, r.id]));
-    const configNames = new Set(targets.map((t) => t.name));
+    const existingIds = new Set(existingRows.map((r) => r.id));
+    const configIds = new Set(targets.map((t) => t.id));

    const insertStmt = this.db.prepare(
-      "INSERT INTO targets (name, type, target, config, interval_ms, timeout_ms, expect, grp) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
+      "INSERT INTO targets (id, name, type, target, config, interval_ms, timeout_ms, expect, grp) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)",
    );
    const updateStmt = this.db.prepare(
-      "UPDATE targets SET type = ?, target = ?, config = ?, interval_ms = ?, timeout_ms = ?, expect = ?, grp = ? WHERE id = ?",
+      "UPDATE targets SET name = ?, type = ?, target = ?, config = ?, interval_ms = ?, timeout_ms = ?, expect = ?, grp = ? WHERE id = ?",
    );
    const deleteStmt = this.db.prepare("DELETE FROM targets WHERE id = ?");

@@ -331,15 +331,15 @@ export class ProbeStore {
        const config = serialized.config;
        const expect = t.expect ? JSON.stringify(t.expect) : null;

-        if (existingMap.has(t.name)) {
-          updateStmt.run(type, target, config, t.intervalMs, t.timeoutMs, expect, t.group, existingMap.get(t.name)!);
+        if (existingIds.has(t.id)) {
+          updateStmt.run(t.name, type, target, config, t.intervalMs, t.timeoutMs, expect, t.group, t.id);
        } else {
-          insertStmt.run(t.name, type, target, config, t.intervalMs, t.timeoutMs, expect, t.group);
+          insertStmt.run(t.id, t.name, type, target, config, t.intervalMs, t.timeoutMs, expect, t.group);
        }
      }

-      for (const [name, id] of existingMap) {
-        if (!configNames.has(name)) {
+      for (const id of existingIds) {
+        if (!configIds.has(id)) {
          deleteStmt.run(id);
        }
      }
--- a/src/server/checker/types.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/types.ts
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import type { CheckResult as ApiCheckResult, CheckFailure } from "../../shared/api";

 export interface CheckResult extends ApiCheckResult {
-  targetName: string;
+  targetId: string;
 }

 export interface DefaultsConfig {
@@ -36,14 +36,16 @@ export interface ProbeConfig {
  runtime?: EngineRuntimeConfig;
  server?: ServerConfig;
  targets: RawTargetConfig[];
+  variables?: Record<string, VariableValue>;
 }

 export interface RawTargetConfig {
  [configKey: string]: unknown;
  expect?: unknown;
  group?: string;
+  id: string;
  interval?: string;
-  name: string;
+  name?: string;
  timeout?: string;
  type: string;
 }
@@ -52,6 +54,7 @@ export interface ResolvedTargetBase {
  [key: string]: unknown;
  expect?: unknown;
  group: string;
+  id: string;
  intervalMs: number;
  name: string;
  timeoutMs: number;
@@ -70,7 +73,7 @@ export interface StoredCheckResult {
  id: number;
  matched: number;
  status_detail: null | string;
-  target_id: number;
+  target_id: string;
  timestamp: string;
 }

@@ -78,7 +81,7 @@ export interface StoredTarget {
  config: string;
  expect: null | string;
  grp: string;
-  id: number;
+  id: string;
  interval_ms: number;
  name: string;
  target: string;
@@ -86,4 +89,6 @@ export interface StoredTarget {
  type: string;
 }

+export type VariableValue = boolean | number | string;
+
 export type { CheckFailure };
--- a/src/server/checker/utils.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/utils.ts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import { isNumber } from "es-toolkit";
+
 const DURATION_REGEX = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(ms|s|m|h|d)$/;

 const SIZE_REGEX = /^(\d+(?:\.\d+)?)(B|KB|MB|GB)$/;
@@ -20,7 +22,7 @@ export function parseDuration(value: string): number {
 }

 export function parseSize(value: number | string): number {
-  if (typeof value === "number") {
+  if (isNumber(value)) {
    if (!Number.isInteger(value) || value < 0 || !Number.isSafeInteger(value)) {
      throw new Error(`无效的 size 数值: ${value}，必须为非负安全整数`);
    }
--- a/src/server/checker/variables.ts
+++ b/src/server/checker/variables.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+import { isBoolean, isNumber, isPlainObject, isString } from "es-toolkit";
+import { isArray } from "es-toolkit/compat";
+
+import type { ConfigValidationIssue } from "./schema/issues";
+import type { VariableValue } from "./types";
+
+import { issue, joinPath } from "./schema/issues";
+
+const VARIABLE_NAME_PATTERN = /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/;
+const VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN = /\$\{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(?:\|([^}]*))?\}/g;
+const COMPLETE_VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN = /^\$\{([a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)(?:\|([^}]*))?\}$/;
+const ESCAPED_VARIABLE_PATTERN = /\$\$\{([^}]*)\}/g;
+
+interface VariableReference {
+  defaultValue?: string;
+  key: string;
+}
+
+interface VariableResolutionIssueContext {
+  path: string;
+  targetId?: string;
+  targetName?: string;
+}
+
+export function extractVariables(config: unknown): {
+  issues: ConfigValidationIssue[];
+  variables: Map<string, VariableValue>;
+} {
+  const issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] = [];
+  const variables = new Map<string, VariableValue>();
+
+  if (!isPlainObject(config)) {
+    return { issues, variables };
+  }
+  const configRecord = config as Record<string, unknown>;
+  if (configRecord["variables"] === undefined) {
+    return { issues, variables };
+  }
+
+  const rawVariables: unknown = configRecord["variables"];
+  if (!isPlainObject(rawVariables)) {
+    issues.push(issue("invalid-type", "variables", "必须为对象"));
+    return { issues, variables };
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, value] of Object.entries(rawVariables as Record<string, unknown>)) {
+    const path = joinPath("variables", key);
+    if (!VARIABLE_NAME_PATTERN.test(key)) {
+      issues.push(issue("invalid-format", path, "变量名不符合命名规则"));
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (!isVariableValue(value)) {
+      issues.push(issue("invalid-type", path, `变量值不允许为 ${describeInvalidVariableValue(value)}`));
+      continue;
+    }
+    variables.set(key, value);
+  }
+
+  return { issues, variables };
+}
+
+export function resolveVariables(config: unknown): { config: unknown; issues: ConfigValidationIssue[] } {
+  const { issues, variables } = extractVariables(config);
+  if (!isPlainObject(config)) {
+    return { config, issues };
+  }
+  const configRecord = config as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const rawTargets: unknown = configRecord["targets"];
+  if (!isArray(rawTargets)) {
+    return { config, issues };
+  }
+
+  const targets = rawTargets.map((target, index) => resolveTargetVariables(target, index, variables, issues));
+  return { config: { ...config, targets }, issues };
+}
+
+function describeInvalidVariableValue(value: unknown): string {
+  if (value === null) return "null";
+  if (isArray(value)) return "array";
+  return typeof value;
+}
+
+function inferStringValue(value: string): VariableValue {
+  const numberValue = Number(value);
+  if (Number.isFinite(numberValue)) return numberValue;
+  if (value === "true") return true;
+  if (value === "false") return false;
+  return value;
+}
+
+function isVariableValue(value: unknown): value is VariableValue {
+  return isString(value) || isNumber(value) || isBoolean(value);
+}
+
+function parseVariableReference(match: RegExpExecArray): VariableReference {
+  return { defaultValue: match[2], key: match[1]! };
+}
+
+function replaceStringValue(
+  value: string,
+  variables: Map<string, VariableValue>,
+  issues: ConfigValidationIssue[],
+  context: VariableResolutionIssueContext,
+): string | VariableValue {
+  const trimmed = value.trim();
+  const completeMatch = COMPLETE_VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN.exec(trimmed);
+  if (completeMatch) {
+    const resolved = resolveVariableReference(parseVariableReference(completeMatch), variables, issues, context);
+    return resolved ?? value;
+  }
+
+  const escaped: string[] = [];
+  const protectedValue = value.replace(ESCAPED_VARIABLE_PATTERN, (_match, body: string) => {
+    const token = `\u0000${escaped.length}\u0000`;
+    escaped.push(`\${${body}}`);
+    return token;
+  });
+
+  const replaced = protectedValue.replace(
+    VARIABLE_REFERENCE_PATTERN,
+    (match, key: string, defaultValue: string | undefined) => {
+      const resolved = resolveVariableReference({ defaultValue, key }, variables, issues, context);
+      return resolved === undefined ? match : String(resolved);
+    },
+  );
+
+  return escaped.reduce((result, literal, index) => result.replace(`\u0000${index}\u0000`, literal), replaced);
+}
+
+function resolveTargetVariables(
+  target: unknown,
+  index: number,
+  variables: Map<string, VariableValue>,
+  issues: ConfigValidationIssue[],
+): unknown {
+  if (!isPlainObject(target)) return target;
+  const targetRecord = target as Record<string, unknown>;
+  const idValue: unknown = targetRecord["id"];
+  const nameValue: unknown = targetRecord["name"];
+  const targetId = isString(idValue) ? idValue : undefined;
+  const targetName = isString(nameValue) ? nameValue : targetId;
+  return resolveValue(target, `targets[${index}]`, variables, issues, {
+    path: `targets[${index}]`,
+    targetId,
+    targetName,
+  });
+}
+
+function resolveValue(
+  value: unknown,
+  path: string,
+  variables: Map<string, VariableValue>,
+  issues: ConfigValidationIssue[],
+  context: VariableResolutionIssueContext,
+): unknown {
+  if (isString(value)) {
+    return replaceStringValue(value, variables, issues, { ...context, path });
+  }
+  if (isArray(value)) {
+    return value.map((item, index) =>
+      resolveValue(item, `${path}[${index}]`, variables, issues, { ...context, path: `${path}[${index}]` }),
+    );
+  }
+  if (!isPlainObject(value)) return value;
+
+  const result: Record<string, unknown> = {};
+  for (const [key, item] of Object.entries(value)) {
+    const itemPath = joinPath(path, key);
+    result[key] =
+      key === "id" || key === "type"
+        ? item
+        : resolveValue(item, itemPath, variables, issues, { ...context, path: itemPath });
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function resolveVariableReference(
+  reference: VariableReference,
+  variables: Map<string, VariableValue>,
+  issues: ConfigValidationIssue[],
+  context: VariableResolutionIssueContext,
+): undefined | VariableValue {
+  if (variables.has(reference.key)) {
+    return variables.get(reference.key);
+  }
+
+  if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(process.env, reference.key)) {
+    return inferStringValue(process.env[reference.key] ?? "");
+  }
+
+  if (reference.defaultValue !== undefined) {
+    return inferStringValue(reference.defaultValue);
+  }
+
+  issues.push(
+    issue(
+      "unresolved-variable",
+      context.path,
+      `引用了未定义的变量 "${reference.key}"，且环境变量中也不存在，未设置默认值`,
+      context.targetName,
+      context.targetId,
+    ),
+  );
+  return undefined;
+}
--- a/src/server/middleware.ts
+++ b/src/server/middleware.ts
@@ -69,12 +69,11 @@ export function validateRecentLimit(limitParam: null | string, mode: RuntimeMode
  return { recentLimit };
 }

-export function validateTargetId(idStr: string, mode: RuntimeMode): Response | { id: number } {
-  const id = Number(idStr);
-  if (!Number.isInteger(id) || id <= 0) {
+export function validateTargetId(idStr: string, mode: RuntimeMode): Response | { id: string } {
+  if (!/^[a-zA-Z0-9][a-zA-Z0-9_-]*$/.test(idStr)) {
    return jsonResponse(createApiError("Invalid target ID", 400), { mode, status: 400 });
  }
-  return { id };
+  return { id: idStr };
 }

 export function validateTimeRange(
--- a/src/server/routes/dashboard.ts
+++ b/src/server/routes/dashboard.ts
@@ -88,9 +88,9 @@ export function handleDashboard(url: URL, store: ProbeStore, mode: RuntimeMode):
 }

 function groupDashboardIncidentStates(
-  states: Array<{ matched: number; target_id: number; timestamp: string }>,
-): Map<number, MetricCheckpoint[]> {
-  const result = new Map<number, MetricCheckpoint[]>();
+  states: Array<{ matched: number; target_id: string; timestamp: string }>,
+): Map<string, MetricCheckpoint[]> {
+  const result = new Map<string, MetricCheckpoint[]>();
  for (const state of states) {
    const list = result.get(state.target_id) ?? [];
    list.push({ durationMs: null, matched: state.matched === 1, timestamp: state.timestamp });
--- a/src/shared/api.ts
+++ b/src/shared/api.ts
@@ -81,7 +81,7 @@ export interface TargetMetricsResponse {
    totalChecks: number;
    upChecks: number;
  };
-  targetId: number;
+  targetId: string;
  trend: TrendPoint[];
  window: {
    bucket: "1h";
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ export interface TargetStats {
 export interface TargetStatus {
  currentStreak: CurrentStreak | null;
  group: string;
-  id: number;
+  id: string;
  interval: string;
  latestCheck: CheckResult | null;
  name: string;
--- a/src/web/hooks/use-queries.ts
+++ b/src/web/hooks/use-queries.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ import type { DashboardResponse, MetaResponse, TargetMetricsResponse } from "../
 const queryKeys = {
  dashboard: () => ["dashboard", "24h", 30] as const,
  meta: () => ["meta"] as const,
-  metrics: (targetId: number, from: string, to: string, bucket: "1h") =>
+  metrics: (targetId: string, from: string, to: string, bucket: "1h") =>
    ["metrics", targetId, from, to, bucket] as const,
 };

@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ export function useMeta() {
  });
 }

-export function useTargetMetrics(targetId: null | number, from: string, to: string, bucket: "1h") {
+export function useTargetMetrics(targetId: null | string, from: string, to: string, bucket: "1h") {
  return useQuery({
    enabled: targetId !== null && !!from && !!to,
    queryFn: () => {
--- a/src/web/hooks/use-target-detail.ts
+++ b/src/web/hooks/use-target-detail.ts
@@ -7,11 +7,11 @@ import { subtractHours } from "../utils/time";
 import { fetchJson, useDashboard, useTargetMetrics } from "./use-queries";

 const detailQueryKeys = {
-  history: (targetId: number, from: string, to: string, page: number) => ["history", targetId, from, to, page] as const,
+  history: (targetId: string, from: string, to: string, page: number) => ["history", targetId, from, to, page] as const,
 };

 export function useTargetDetail() {
-  const [selectedTargetId, setSelectedTargetId] = useState<null | number>(null);
+  const [selectedTargetId, setSelectedTargetId] = useState<null | string>(null);
  const [timeFrom, setTimeFrom] = useState("");
  const [timeTo, setTimeTo] = useState("");
  const [historyPage, setHistoryPage] = useState(1);
--- a/tests/server/app.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/app.test.ts
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ describe("API 路由", () => {
          method: "GET",
          url: "http://a.com",
        },
+        id: "test-a",
        intervalMs: 30000,
        name: "test-a",
        timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -64,6 +65,7 @@ describe("API 路由", () => {
          maxOutputBytes: 104857600,
        },
        group: "default",
+        id: "test-b",
        intervalMs: 60000,
        name: "test-b",
        timeoutMs: 5000,
@@ -204,6 +206,7 @@ describe("API 路由", () => {
    expect(body.targets).toHaveLength(2);

    const tA = body.targets.find((t) => t.name === "test-a")!;
+    expect(tA.id).toBe("test-a");
    expect(tA.type).toBe("http");
    expect(tA.target).toBe("http://a.com");
    expect(tA.group).toBe("default");
@@ -372,9 +375,9 @@ describe("API 路由", () => {
    expect(body["error"]).toContain("from and to");
  });

-  test("metrics 无效 targetId 返回 400", async () => {
+  test("metrics 无效 target id 返回 400", async () => {
    const response = await fetch(
-      `${baseUrl}/api/targets/invalid/metrics?from=2024-01-01T00:00:00Z&to=2024-01-02T00:00:00Z`,
+      `${baseUrl}/api/targets/_invalid/metrics?from=2024-01-01T00:00:00Z&to=2024-01-02T00:00:00Z`,
    );
    const body = (await response.json()) as Record<string, unknown>;

--- a/tests/server/bootstrap.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/bootstrap.test.ts
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ type ShutdownSignal = "SIGINT" | "SIGTERM";

 const target: ResolvedTargetBase = {
  group: "default",
+  id: "test",
  intervalMs: 30000,
  name: "test",
  timeoutMs: 5000,
--- a/tests/server/checker/config-contract/validate.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/config-contract/validate.test.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ describe("config contract", () => {
        targets: [
          {
            http: { method: "get", unknownHttpField: true, url: "https://example.com" },
+            id: "api",
            name: "api",
            type: "http",
          },
@@ -36,6 +37,31 @@ describe("config contract", () => {
    ).toBe(false);
  });

+  test("导出 schema 支持 variables 且要求 target id", () => {
+    const ajv = new Ajv({
+      allErrors: true,
+      coerceTypes: false,
+      removeAdditional: false,
+      strict: true,
+      useDefaults: false,
+    });
+    const validate = ajv.compile(createProbeConfigJsonSchema(createDefaultCheckerRegistry()));
+
+    expect(
+      validate({
+        targets: [{ http: { url: "https://example.com" }, id: "api", type: "http" }],
+        variables: { base_url: "https://example.com", enabled: true, port: 443 },
+      }),
+    ).toBe(true);
+
+    expect(
+      validate({
+        targets: [{ http: { url: "https://example.com" }, type: "http" }],
+        variables: { bad: null },
+      }),
+    ).toBe(false);
+  });
+
  test("Ajv 错误转换为中文结构化 issue", () => {
    const result = validateProbeConfigContract(
      {
@@ -43,6 +69,7 @@ describe("config contract", () => {
          {
            group: 123,
            http: { extra: true },
+            id: "api",
            name: "api",
            type: "http",
          },
--- a/tests/server/checker/config-loader.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/config-loader.test.ts
@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ describe("loadConfig", () => {
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -121,6 +122,7 @@ describe("loadConfig", () => {
    expect(config.targets).toHaveLength(1);
    const t = config.targets[0]! as ResolvedHttpTarget;
    expect(t.type).toBe("http");
+    expect(t.id).toBe("test");
    expect(t.name).toBe("test");
    expect(t.http.url).toBe("http://example.com");
    expect(t.http.method).toBe("GET");
@@ -140,6 +142,7 @@ describe("loadConfig", () => {
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "check-nginx"
+    id: "check-nginx"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "pgrep"
@@ -151,6 +154,7 @@ describe("loadConfig", () => {
    expect(config.targets).toHaveLength(1);
    const t = config.targets[0]! as ResolvedCommandTarget;
    expect(t.type).toBe("cmd");
+    expect(t.id).toBe("check-nginx");
    expect(t.name).toBe("check-nginx");
    expect(t.cmd.exec).toBe("pgrep");
    expect(t.cmd.args).toEqual(["nginx"]);
@@ -181,6 +185,7 @@ defaults:
    maxOutputBytes: "10MB"
 targets:
  - name: "http-target"
+    id: "http-target"
    type: http
    interval: "1m"
    http:
@@ -193,6 +198,7 @@ targets:
      body:
        - contains: "ok"
  - name: "cmd-target"
+    id: "cmd-target"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "ls"
@@ -228,6 +234,140 @@ targets:
    expect(cmd.cmd.maxOutputBytes).toBe(10485760);
  });

+  test("name 缺省时 fallback 到 id", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "name-fallback.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `targets:
+  - id: "api-health"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+`,
+    );
+
+    const config = await loadConfig(configPath);
+    const target = config.targets[0]!;
+    expect(target.id).toBe("api-health");
+    expect(target.name).toBe("api-health");
+  });
+
+  test("name 支持变量替换且不要求唯一", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "name-variable.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `variables:
+  env: "生产"
+targets:
+  - id: "api-a"
+    name: "\${env} API"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://a.example.com"
+  - id: "api-b"
+    name: "\${env} API"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://b.example.com"
+`,
+    );
+
+    const config = await loadConfig(configPath);
+    expect(config.targets.map((target) => [target.id, target.name])).toEqual([
+      ["api-a", "生产 API"],
+      ["api-b", "生产 API"],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test("包含 variables 的完整配置在 schema 校验前完成替换", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "variables-full.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `variables:
+  env: "生产"
+  base_url: "https://example.com"
+  ignore_ssl: true
+  max_redirects: 5
+targets:
+  - id: "api-health"
+    name: "\${env} API 健康检查"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "\${base_url}/health"
+      ignoreSSL: "\${ignore_ssl}"
+      maxRedirects: "\${max_redirects}"
+`,
+    );
+
+    const config = await loadConfig(configPath);
+    const target = config.targets[0] as ResolvedHttpTarget;
+    expect(target.id).toBe("api-health");
+    expect(target.name).toBe("生产 API 健康检查");
+    expect(target.http.url).toBe("https://example.com/health");
+    expect(target.http.ignoreSSL).toBe(true);
+    expect(target.http.maxRedirects).toBe(5);
+  });
+
+  test("变量替换后类型不匹配导致 schema 校验失败", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "bad-var-type.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `variables:
+    max_redirects: "not-a-number"
+targets:
+  - id: "bad-var"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+      maxRedirects: "\${max_redirects}"
+`,
+    );
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("maxRedirects");
+  });
+
+  test("变量替换后通过 schema 校验", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "good-var-type.yaml");
+    const origEnv = process.env["DIAL_VAR_MAX_REDIRECTS"];
+    process.env["DIAL_VAR_MAX_REDIRECTS"] = "3";
+    try {
+      await writeFile(
+        configPath,
+        `targets:
+  - id: "good-var"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+      maxRedirects: "\${DIAL_VAR_MAX_REDIRECTS}"
+`,
+      );
+      const config = await loadConfig(configPath);
+      const target = config.targets[0] as ResolvedHttpTarget;
+      expect(target.http.maxRedirects).toBe(3);
+    } finally {
+      if (origEnv === undefined) {
+        delete process.env["DIAL_VAR_MAX_REDIRECTS"];
+      } else {
+        process.env["DIAL_VAR_MAX_REDIRECTS"] = origEnv;
+      }
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("未定义变量且无默认值阻止启动", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "unresolved-var.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `targets:
+  - id: "unresolved"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "\${MISSING_BASE_URL}/health"
+`,
+    );
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("未定义的变量");
+  });
+
  test("绝对 dataDir 保持不变", async () => {
    const dataDir = join(tempDir, "absolute-data");
    const configPath = join(tempDir, "absolute-data-dir.yaml");
@@ -237,6 +377,7 @@ targets:
  dataDir: ${JSON.stringify(dataDir)}
 targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -258,6 +399,7 @@ targets:
    maxBodyBytes: "10MB"
 targets:
  - name: "override-all"
+    id: "override-all"
    type: http
    interval: "5m"
    timeout: "30s"
@@ -281,8 +423,8 @@ targets:
    await expect(loadConfig("/nonexistent/file.yaml")).rejects.toThrow("配置文件不存在");
  });

-  test("target 缺少 name 抛出错误", async () => {
-    const configPath = join(tempDir, "no-name.yaml");
+  test("target 缺少 id 抛出错误", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "no-id.yaml");
    await writeFile(
      configPath,
      `targets:
@@ -292,7 +434,7 @@ targets:
 `,
    );
    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
-    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("缺少 name 字段");
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("缺少 id 字段");
  });

  test("target 缺少 type 抛出错误", async () => {
@@ -301,6 +443,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
 `,
@@ -315,6 +458,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http: {}
 `,
@@ -329,6 +473,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
 `,
    );
@@ -342,6 +487,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -358,6 +504,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -374,6 +521,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -391,6 +539,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: cmd
    cmd: {}
 `,
@@ -405,6 +554,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: dns
 `,
    );
@@ -412,23 +562,70 @@ targets:
    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("不支持的 type");
  });

-  test("target name 重复抛出错误", async () => {
-    const configPath = join(tempDir, "dup-name.yaml");
+  test("target id 重复抛出错误", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "dup-id.yaml");
    await writeFile(
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "dup"
+    id: "dup"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://a.com"
  - name: "dup"
+    id: "dup"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://b.com"
 `,
    );
    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
-    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("target name 重复");
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("target id 重复");
+  });
+
+  test("target id 为空字符串抛出错误", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "empty-id.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `targets:
+  - id: ""
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+`,
+    );
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("缺少 id 字段");
+  });
+
+  test("target id 命名不合法抛出错误", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "bad-id.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `targets:
+  - id: "_invalid"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+`,
+    );
+    // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/await-thenable
+    await expect(loadConfig(configPath)).rejects.toThrow("id 不符合命名规则");
+  });
+
+  test("target id 包含下划线和连字符通过", async () => {
+    const configPath = join(tempDir, "id-underscore-dash.yaml");
+    await writeFile(
+      configPath,
+      `targets:
+  - id: "db_check-01"
+    type: http
+    http:
+      url: "http://example.com"
+`,
+    );
+    const config = await loadConfig(configPath);
+    expect(config.targets[0]!.id).toBe("db_check-01");
  });

  test("targets 为空数组抛出错误", async () => {
@@ -446,6 +643,7 @@ targets:
  port: 99999
 targets:
  - name: "t"
+    id: "t"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://a.com"
@@ -463,6 +661,7 @@ targets:
  maxConcurrentChecks: -1
 targets:
  - name: "t"
+    id: "t"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://a.com"
@@ -481,6 +680,7 @@ targets:
    maxBodyBytes: "100TB"
 targets:
  - name: "t"
+    id: "t"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://a.com"
@@ -496,6 +696,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "t"
+    id: "t"
    type: http
    interval: "30x"
    http:
@@ -512,6 +713,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "with-expect"
+    id: "with-expect"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -543,6 +745,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd-with-expect"
+    id: "cmd-with-expect"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "mycheck"
@@ -577,6 +780,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "cwd-test"
+    id: "cwd-test"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "ls"
@@ -595,6 +799,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "env-test"
+    id: "env-test"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -617,6 +822,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "grouped"
+    id: "grouped"
    type: http
    group: "搜索引擎"
    http:
@@ -634,6 +840,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "no-group"
+    id: "no-group"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -650,6 +857,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    group: 123
    http:
@@ -667,6 +875,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -684,6 +893,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -700,6 +910,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -716,6 +927,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -732,6 +944,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -749,6 +962,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -766,6 +980,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -783,6 +998,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -800,6 +1016,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -818,6 +1035,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -836,6 +1054,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -855,6 +1074,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -873,6 +1093,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -893,6 +1114,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -912,6 +1134,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -931,6 +1154,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -951,6 +1175,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -971,6 +1196,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -993,6 +1219,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1012,6 +1239,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1028,6 +1256,7 @@ targets:
      "lowercase-method.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1045,6 +1274,7 @@ targets:
    method: POST
 targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1059,6 +1289,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1081,6 +1312,7 @@ targets:
      X-Default-Header: "default"
 targets:
  - name: "http-test"
+    id: "http-test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1091,6 +1323,7 @@ targets:
        X-Response-Header:
          contains: "ok"
  - name: "cmd-test"
+    id: "cmd-test"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "true"
@@ -1113,6 +1346,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-args.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1127,6 +1361,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-cwd.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1141,6 +1376,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-env.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1156,6 +1392,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-max-output.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1170,6 +1407,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-exit-code.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1185,6 +1423,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-stdout-empty.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1201,6 +1440,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-stderr-operator.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1217,6 +1457,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-stdout-regex.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1233,6 +1474,7 @@ targets:
      "bad-cmd-expect-unknown.yaml",
      `targets:
  - name: "cmd"
+    id: "cmd"
    type: cmd
    cmd:
      exec: "echo"
@@ -1249,6 +1491,7 @@ targets:
      configPath,
      `targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1266,6 +1509,7 @@ targets:
  retention: "24h"
 targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
@@ -1282,6 +1526,7 @@ targets:
  retention: "7x"
 targets:
  - name: "test"
+    id: "test"
    type: http
    http:
      url: "http://example.com"
--- a/tests/server/checker/engine.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/engine.test.ts
@@ -15,8 +15,7 @@ const processEnv = Object.fromEntries(
 );

 function createMockStore(targetNames: string[]) {
-  let nextId = 1;
-  const targets = targetNames.map((name) => ({ id: nextId++, name }));
+  const targets = targetNames.map((name) => ({ id: name, name }));
  const results: Array<Record<string, unknown>> = [];

  return {
@@ -57,6 +56,7 @@ function makeCommandTarget(name: string, overrides?: Partial<ResolvedCommandTarg
      maxOutputBytes: 1024 * 1024,
    },
    group: "default",
+    id: name,
    intervalMs: 60000,
    name,
    timeoutMs: 5000,
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ describe("ProbeEngine", () => {

      const results = (mockStore as unknown as { _results: Array<Record<string, unknown>> })._results;
      expect(results.length).toBe(2);
-      expect(results[0]!["targetId"]).toBe(1);
+      expect(results[0]!["targetId"]).toBe("reject-cmd");
      expect(results[0]!["matched"]).toBe(false);
      expect(results[0]!["durationMs"]).toBeNull();
      expect(results[0]!["statusDetail"]).toBeNull();
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ describe("ProbeEngine", () => {
        phase: "internal",
      });
      expect(typeof results[0]!["timestamp"]).toBe("string");
-      expect(results[1]!["targetId"]).toBe(2);
+      expect(results[1]!["targetId"]).toBe("good-cmd");
      expect(results[1]!["matched"]).toBe(true);
    } finally {
      checker.execute = originalExecute;
@@ -235,7 +235,7 @@ describe("ProbeEngine", () => {
    expect(true).toBe(true);
  });

-  test("未注册的 targetName 不写入结果", async () => {
+  test("未注册的 target id 不写入结果", async () => {
    const target = makeCommandTarget("unknown-target");
    const mockStore = createMockStore(["other-name"]) as unknown as ProbeStore;
    const engine = new ProbeEngine(mockStore, [target]);
@@ -268,6 +268,7 @@ describe("ProbeEngine", () => {
          method: "GET",
          url: `http://localhost:${httpServer.port}/`,
        },
+        id: "http-test",
        intervalMs: 60000,
        name: "http-test",
        timeoutMs: 5000,
--- a/tests/server/checker/runner/cmd/runner.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/runner/cmd/runner.test.ts
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ function makeTarget(
      ...cmd,
    },
    group: "default",
+    id: "test-cmd",
    intervalMs: 60000,
    name: "test-cmd",
    timeoutMs: 5000,
--- a/tests/server/checker/runner/db/execute.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/runner/db/execute.test.ts
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ function makeTarget(db: Partial<ResolvedDbTarget["db"]>, overrides?: Partial<Res
      ...db,
    },
    group: "default",
+    id: "test-db",
    intervalMs: 60000,
    name: "test-db",
    timeoutMs: 5000,
--- a/tests/server/checker/runner/db/validate.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/runner/db/validate.test.ts
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("缺少 db.url 返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [{ id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" }],
    });
    expect(result.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
    const dbError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("db"));
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("db.url 为空字符串返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "" }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [{ db: { url: "" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" }],
    });
    const urlError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("db.url"));
    expect(urlError).toBeDefined();
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("db.query 为空字符串返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { query: "", url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [{ db: { query: "", url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" }],
    });
    const queryError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("db.query"));
    expect(queryError).toBeDefined();
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("db 分组未知字段返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { timeout: 5, url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [{ db: { timeout: 5, url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" }],
    });
    const unknownError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("db.timeout"));
    expect(unknownError).toBeDefined();
@@ -52,7 +52,15 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("expect.maxDurationMs 非数字返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { maxDurationMs: "invalid" }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [
+        {
+          db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" },
+          expect: { maxDurationMs: "invalid" },
+          id: "test",
+          name: "test",
+          type: "db",
+        },
+      ],
    });
    const durationError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("expect.maxDurationMs"));
    expect(durationError).toBeDefined();
@@ -62,7 +70,9 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("expect.rowCount 非法 operator 返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rowCount: { foo: 1 } }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [
+        { db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rowCount: { foo: 1 } }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" },
+      ],
    });
    const rowCountError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("expect.rowCount"));
    expect(rowCountError).toBeDefined();
@@ -72,7 +82,9 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("expect.rows 不是数组返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rows: "not-array" }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [
+        { db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rows: "not-array" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" },
+      ],
    });
    const rowsError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("expect.rows"));
    expect(rowsError).toBeDefined();
@@ -82,7 +94,9 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("expect.rows 元素不是对象返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rows: ["not-object"] }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [
+        { db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { rows: ["not-object"] }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" },
+      ],
    });
    const rowError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("expect.rows[0]"));
    expect(rowError).toBeDefined();
@@ -96,6 +110,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
        {
          db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" },
          expect: { rows: [{ name: { match: "[invalid" } }] },
+          id: "test",
          name: "test",
          type: "db",
        },
@@ -109,7 +124,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("expect 未知字段返回错误", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { status: [200] }, name: "test", type: "db" }],
+      targets: [{ db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, expect: { status: [200] }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "db" }],
    });
    const unknownError = result.find((e) => e.path.includes("expect.status"));
    expect(unknownError).toBeDefined();
@@ -123,6 +138,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
        {
          db: { query: "SELECT 1", url: "sqlite://:memory:" },
          expect: { maxDurationMs: 5000, rowCount: { gte: 1 }, rows: [{ cnt: { gte: 1 } }] },
+          id: "test",
          name: "test",
          type: "db",
        },
@@ -134,7 +150,7 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
  test("忽略非 db 类型 target", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
-      targets: [{ name: "test", type: "http" }],
+      targets: [{ id: "test", name: "test", type: "http" }],
    });
    expect(result).toHaveLength(0);
  });
@@ -143,8 +159,8 @@ describe("validateDbConfig", () => {
    const result = validateDbConfig({
      defaults: {},
      targets: [
-        { db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, name: "db1", type: "db" },
-        { db: { url: "" }, name: "db2", type: "db" },
+        { db: { url: "sqlite://:memory:" }, id: "db1", name: "db1", type: "db" },
+        { db: { url: "" }, id: "db2", name: "db2", type: "db" },
      ],
    });
    expect(result.length).toBeGreaterThan(0);
--- a/tests/server/checker/runner/http/runner.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/runner/http/runner.test.ts
@@ -166,6 +166,7 @@ describe("HttpChecker", () => {
        method: overrides.method ?? "GET",
        url: overrides.url ?? `${baseUrl}/ok`,
      },
+      id: "test-http",
      intervalMs: 60000,
      name: "test-http",
      timeoutMs: overrides.timeoutMs ?? 5000,
@@ -850,6 +851,7 @@ describe("HttpChecker.resolve", () => {
    const errors = validateHttpTarget({
      expect: { status: ["abc"] },
      http: { url: "https://example.com" },
+      id: "test",
      name: "test",
      type: "http",
    });
@@ -858,7 +860,7 @@ describe("HttpChecker.resolve", () => {

  test("ignoreSSL 默认值为 false", () => {
    const result = checker.resolve(
-      { http: { url: "https://example.com" }, name: "test", type: "http" },
+      { http: { url: "https://example.com" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "http" },
      makeResolveContext(),
    );
    expect(result.http.ignoreSSL).toBe(false);
@@ -866,7 +868,7 @@ describe("HttpChecker.resolve", () => {

  test("maxRedirects 默认值为 0", () => {
    const result = checker.resolve(
-      { http: { url: "https://example.com" }, name: "test", type: "http" },
+      { http: { url: "https://example.com" }, id: "test", name: "test", type: "http" },
      makeResolveContext(),
    );
    expect(result.http.maxRedirects).toBe(0);
@@ -874,7 +876,13 @@ describe("HttpChecker.resolve", () => {

  test("合法 status 范围模式通过校验", () => {
    const result = checker.resolve(
-      { expect: { status: ["2xx", 301] }, http: { url: "https://example.com" }, name: "test", type: "http" },
+      {
+        expect: { status: ["2xx", 301] },
+        http: { url: "https://example.com" },
+        id: "test",
+        name: "test",
+        type: "http",
+      },
      makeResolveContext(),
    );
    expect(result.expect?.status).toEqual(["2xx", 301]);
@@ -882,7 +890,12 @@ describe("HttpChecker.resolve", () => {

  test("显式 ignoreSSL 和 maxRedirects 正确解析", () => {
    const result = checker.resolve(
-      { http: { ignoreSSL: true, maxRedirects: 3, url: "https://example.com" }, name: "test", type: "http" },
+      {
+        http: { ignoreSSL: true, maxRedirects: 3, url: "https://example.com" },
+        id: "test",
+        name: "test",
+        type: "http",
+      },
      makeResolveContext(),
    );
    expect(result.http.ignoreSSL).toBe(true);
--- a/tests/server/checker/store.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/store.test.ts
@@ -24,6 +24,10 @@ beforeAll(() => {
  ensureRegistered();
 });

+function targetId(store: ProbeStore, name: string): string {
+  return store.getTargets().find((target) => target.name === name)!.id;
+}
+
 const httpTarget: ResolvedHttpTarget = {
  expect: { maxDurationMs: 3000, status: [200] },
  group: "default",
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@ const httpTarget: ResolvedHttpTarget = {
    method: "GET",
    url: "https://example.com/health",
  },
+  id: "test-http",
  intervalMs: 30000,
  name: "test-http",
  timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -50,6 +55,7 @@ const commandTarget: ResolvedCommandTarget = {
    maxOutputBytes: 104857600,
  },
  group: "default",
+  id: "test-cmd",
  intervalMs: 60000,
  name: "test-cmd",
  timeoutMs: 5000,
@@ -79,8 +85,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
    store.syncTargets([httpTarget, commandTarget]);
    const targets = store.getTargets();
    expect(targets).toHaveLength(2);
-    expect(targets[0]!.name).toBe("test-http");
-    expect(targets[1]!.name).toBe("test-cmd");
+    expect(targets.map((target) => target.name).sort()).toEqual(["test-cmd", "test-http"]);
  });

  test("http target 字段正确", () => {
@@ -144,20 +149,18 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("getTargetById", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const found = store.getTargetById(targets[0]!.id);
+    const found = store.getTargetById(targetId(store, "test-http"));
    expect(found).toBeDefined();
    expect(found!.name).toBe("test-http");
  });

  test("getTargetById 不存在", () => {
-    expect(store.getTargetById(99999)).toBeNull();
+    expect(store.getTargetById("missing-target")).toBeNull();
  });

  test("写入 check result 并查询", () => {
    store.syncTargets([httpTarget, commandTarget]);
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    store.insertCheckResult({
      durationMs: 150.5,
@@ -209,8 +212,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("getHistory 默认 limit=20", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    for (let i = 0; i < 25; i++) {
      store.insertCheckResult({
@@ -228,8 +230,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("getTargetWindowStats 按时间窗口计算基础计数", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    const stats = store.getTargetWindowStats(t1Id, "2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2025-01-01T00:01:00.000Z");
    expect(stats.totalChecks).toBeGreaterThan(0);
@@ -239,8 +240,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("无记录目标的窗口 stats", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t2Id = targets.find((t) => t.name === "test-cmd")!.id;
+    const t2Id = targetId(store, "test-cmd");

    const stats = store.getTargetWindowStats(t2Id, "2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2025-01-01T00:01:00.000Z");
    expect(stats.totalChecks).toBe(0);
@@ -251,16 +251,14 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {

  test("getLatestChecksMap 支持 Dashboard 组装当前状态", () => {
    const latestChecksMap = store.getLatestChecksMap();
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const latest = latestChecksMap.get(targets[0]!.id);
+    const latest = latestChecksMap.get(targetId(store, "test-http"));

    expect(latest).toBeDefined();
    expect(latest!.timestamp).toBe("2025-01-01T01:24:00.000Z");
  });

  test("getTargetCheckpoints 返回窗口内升序检查点", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    const checkpoints = store.getTargetCheckpoints(t1Id, "2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2025-01-01T00:01:00.000Z");
    expect(checkpoints).toEqual([
@@ -271,16 +269,14 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("getTargetDurations 返回成功检查耗时升序数组", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    const durations = store.getTargetDurations(t1Id, "2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2025-01-01T00:01:00.000Z");
    expect(durations).toEqual([150.5, 300]);
  });

  test("getRecentSamples 返回最近采样数据", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");

    const samples = store.getRecentSamples(t1Id, 10);
    expect(Array.isArray(samples)).toBe(true);
@@ -293,15 +289,17 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {

  test("getAllRecentSamples 返回每个 target 的最近采样数据", () => {
    const sampleStore = new ProbeStore(join(tempDir, "all-samples.db"));
-    const httpA: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, name: "sample-http-a" };
+    const httpA: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, id: "sample-http-a", name: "sample-http-a" };
    const httpB: ResolvedHttpTarget = {
      ...httpTarget,
      http: { ...httpTarget.http, url: "https://example.com/other" },
+      id: "sample-http-b",
      name: "sample-http-b",
    };
    const httpEmpty: ResolvedHttpTarget = {
      ...httpTarget,
      http: { ...httpTarget.http, url: "https://example.com/empty" },
+      id: "sample-http-empty",
      name: "sample-http-empty",
    };
    sampleStore.syncTargets([httpA, httpB, httpEmpty]);
@@ -360,7 +358,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
    const closedStore = new ProbeStore(join(tempDir, "closed.db"));
    closedStore.close();
    expect(closedStore.getTargets()).toHaveLength(0);
-    expect(closedStore.getTargetById(1)).toBeNull();
+    expect(closedStore.getTargetById("closed-target")).toBeNull();
  });

  test("删除 target 级联删除 check_results", () => {
@@ -375,6 +373,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
        method: "GET",
        url: "http://cascade.test",
      },
+      id: "cascade-test",
      intervalMs: 30000,
      name: "cascade-test",
      timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -437,6 +436,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
          method: "GET",
          url: "http://no.records",
        },
+        id: "no-records",
        intervalMs: 30000,
        name: "no-records",
        timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -451,9 +451,8 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
  });

  test("getAllTargetWindowStats 返回所有 target 的窗口聚合统计", () => {
-    const targets = store.getTargets();
-    const t1Id = targets[0]!.id;
-    const t2Id = targets[1]!.id;
+    const t1Id = targetId(store, "test-http");
+    const t2Id = targetId(store, "test-cmd");

    const stats = store.getAllTargetWindowStats("2024-01-01T00:00:00.000Z", "2026-12-31T23:59:59.999Z");
    expect(stats).toBeInstanceOf(Map);
@@ -484,6 +483,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {
          method: "GET",
          url: "http://no.stats",
        },
+        id: "no-stats",
        intervalMs: 30000,
        name: "no-stats",
        timeoutMs: 10000,
@@ -499,7 +499,7 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {

  test("getAllTargetWindowStats 与 getTargetWindowStats 的 availability 精度一致", () => {
    const statsStore = new ProbeStore(join(tempDir, "stats-precision.db"));
-    const target: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, name: "stats-precision" };
+    const target: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, id: "stats-precision", name: "stats-precision" };
    statsStore.syncTargets([target]);
    const targetId = statsStore.getTargets()[0]!.id;

@@ -534,10 +534,11 @@ describe("ProbeStore", () => {

  test("getDashboardIncidentStates 返回按 target 和 timestamp 升序排列的状态序列", () => {
    const incidentStore = new ProbeStore(join(tempDir, "dashboard-incidents.db"));
-    const httpA: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, name: "incident-http-a" };
+    const httpA: ResolvedHttpTarget = { ...httpTarget, id: "incident-http-a", name: "incident-http-a" };
    const httpB: ResolvedHttpTarget = {
      ...httpTarget,
      http: { ...httpTarget.http, url: "https://example.com/incident-b" },
+      id: "incident-http-b",
      name: "incident-http-b",
    };
    incidentStore.syncTargets([httpA, httpB]);
--- a/tests/server/checker/variables.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/checker/variables.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+import { describe, expect, test } from "bun:test";
+
+import { extractVariables, resolveVariables } from "../../../src/server/checker/variables";
+
+describe("config variables", () => {
+  test("提取合法 variables 类型", () => {
+    const result = extractVariables({ variables: { enabled: true, host: "example.com", port: 5432 } });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    expect(Object.fromEntries(result.variables)).toEqual({ enabled: true, host: "example.com", port: 5432 });
+  });
+
+  test("拒绝非法 variables value 和 key", () => {
+    const result = extractVariables({
+      variables: {
+        "123start": "value",
+        empty: null,
+        list: [1, 2, 3],
+        obj: { a: 1 },
+      },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues.map((item) => [item.code, item.path, item.message])).toEqual([
+      ["invalid-format", "variables.123start", "变量名不符合命名规则"],
+      ["invalid-type", "variables.empty", "变量值不允许为 null"],
+      ["invalid-type", "variables.list", "变量值不允许为 array"],
+      ["invalid-type", "variables.obj", "变量值不允许为 object"],
+    ]);
+  });
+
+  test("解析简单引用、默认值、转义、多变量拼接和无引用字符串", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: {
+            body: "Hello $${name}",
+            headers: {
+              Authorization: "Bearer ${token}",
+              Pattern: "${PATTERN|foo|bar}",
+            },
+            url: "${protocol}://${host}:${port}/api",
+          },
+          id: "api-health",
+          name: "API",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+      variables: { host: "example.com", port: 443, protocol: "https", token: "abc" },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const target = (
+      result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: { body: string; headers: Record<string, string>; url: string } }> }
+    ).targets[0]!;
+    expect(target.http.url).toBe("https://example.com:443/api");
+    expect(target.http.headers["Authorization"]).toBe("Bearer abc");
+    expect(target.http.headers["Pattern"]).toBe("foo|bar");
+    expect(target.http.body).toBe("Hello ${name}");
+  });
+
+  test("完整引用保留类型，部分引用强制为字符串", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: {
+            body: "port: ${port}",
+            ignoreSSL: "${ssl}",
+            maxRedirects: "${port}",
+            url: "${host}",
+          },
+          id: "typed-http",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+      variables: { host: "https://example.com", port: 5, ssl: true },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const http = (result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: Record<string, unknown> }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+    expect(http["url"]).toBe("https://example.com");
+    expect(http["maxRedirects"]).toBe(5);
+    expect(http["ignoreSSL"]).toBe(true);
+    expect(http["body"]).toBe("port: 5");
+  });
+
+  test("环境变量和默认值在完整引用时做类型推断", () => {
+    const originalMaxRedirects = process.env["MAX_REDIRECTS"];
+    const originalIgnoreSsl = process.env["IGNORE_SSL"];
+    process.env["MAX_REDIRECTS"] = "5";
+    process.env["IGNORE_SSL"] = "false";
+
+    try {
+      const result = resolveVariables({
+        targets: [
+          {
+            http: {
+              ignoreSSL: "${IGNORE_SSL}",
+              maxRedirects: "${MAX_REDIRECTS}",
+              url: "${HOST|localhost}",
+            },
+            id: "env-http",
+            type: "http",
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+      const http = (result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: Record<string, unknown> }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+      expect(http["maxRedirects"]).toBe(5);
+      expect(http["ignoreSSL"]).toBe(false);
+      expect(http["url"]).toBe("localhost");
+    } finally {
+      restoreEnv("MAX_REDIRECTS", originalMaxRedirects);
+      restoreEnv("IGNORE_SSL", originalIgnoreSsl);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("解析优先级为 variables、环境变量、默认值", () => {
+    const originalPort = process.env["PORT"];
+    const originalHost = process.env["HOST"];
+    process.env["PORT"] = "3000";
+    process.env["HOST"] = "env-host";
+
+    try {
+      const result = resolveVariables({
+        targets: [
+          {
+            http: {
+              body: "${MISSING|fallback}",
+              headers: { Host: "${HOST}" },
+              maxRedirects: "${PORT}",
+              url: "${HOST_FROM_VARIABLES}",
+            },
+            id: "priority-http",
+            type: "http",
+          },
+        ],
+        variables: { HOST_FROM_VARIABLES: "config-host", PORT: 5432 },
+      });
+
+      expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+      const http = (result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: Record<string, unknown> }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+      expect(http["maxRedirects"]).toBe(5432);
+      expect((http["headers"] as Record<string, string>)["Host"]).toBe("env-host");
+      expect(http["body"]).toBe("fallback");
+      expect(http["url"]).toBe("config-host");
+    } finally {
+      restoreEnv("PORT", originalPort);
+      restoreEnv("HOST", originalHost);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("替换范围仅 targets，且跳过 id 和 type 字段", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      defaults: { interval: "${interval}" },
+      server: { host: "${host}" },
+      targets: [
+        {
+          cmd: {
+            args: ["--host", "${host}"],
+            env: { TOKEN: "${token}" },
+            exec: "echo",
+          },
+          id: "${id}",
+          type: "${type}",
+        },
+      ],
+      variables: { host: "localhost", id: "resolved", interval: "30s", token: "abc", type: "cmd" },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const config = result.config as {
+      defaults: { interval: string };
+      server: { host: string };
+      targets: Array<{ cmd: { args: string[]; env: Record<string, string> }; id: string; type: string }>;
+    };
+    expect(config.server.host).toBe("${host}");
+    expect(config.defaults.interval).toBe("${interval}");
+    expect(config.targets[0]!.id).toBe("${id}");
+    expect(config.targets[0]!.type).toBe("${type}");
+    expect(config.targets[0]!.cmd.args[1]).toBe("localhost");
+    expect(config.targets[0]!.cmd.env["TOKEN"]).toBe("abc");
+  });
+
+  test("默认值推断为 boolean（true/false）", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: {
+            ignoreSSL: "${DUMMY_SSL|false}",
+            url: "${HOST|localhost}",
+          },
+          id: "default-bool",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const http = (result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: Record<string, unknown> }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+    expect(http["ignoreSSL"]).toBe(false);
+    expect(typeof http["ignoreSSL"]).toBe("boolean");
+
+    const result2 = resolveVariables({
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: {
+            ignoreSSL: "${DUMMY_SSL|true}",
+            url: "${HOST|localhost}",
+          },
+          id: "default-bool-true",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(result2.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const http2 = (result2.config as { targets: Array<{ http: Record<string, unknown> }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+    expect(http2["ignoreSSL"]).toBe(true);
+    expect(typeof http2["ignoreSSL"]).toBe("boolean");
+  });
+
+  test("runtime 段不替换", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      runtime: { maxConcurrentChecks: 10, retention: "${retention}" },
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: { url: "${host}" },
+          id: "rt-no-replace",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+      variables: { host: "https://example.com", retention: "24h" },
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+    const config = result.config as { runtime: { retention: string } };
+    expect(config.runtime.retention).toBe("${retention}");
+  });
+
+  test("variables 段为非对象时报错", () => {
+    const strResult = extractVariables({ variables: "invalid" });
+    expect(strResult.issues).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(strResult.issues[0]!.code).toBe("invalid-type");
+
+    const numResult = extractVariables({ variables: 123 });
+    expect(numResult.issues).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(numResult.issues[0]!.code).toBe("invalid-type");
+
+    const nullResult = extractVariables({ variables: null });
+    expect(nullResult.issues).toHaveLength(1);
+    expect(nullResult.issues[0]!.code).toBe("invalid-type");
+  });
+
+  test("无 variables 段时环境变量仍可引用", () => {
+    const original = process.env["DIAL_TEST_ENV_ONLY"];
+    process.env["DIAL_TEST_ENV_ONLY"] = "env-value";
+    try {
+      const result = resolveVariables({
+        targets: [
+          {
+            http: { url: "${DIAL_TEST_ENV_ONLY}" },
+            id: "env-only",
+            type: "http",
+          },
+        ],
+      });
+
+      expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(0);
+      const http = (result.config as { targets: Array<{ http: { url: string } }> }).targets[0]!.http;
+      expect(http.url).toBe("env-value");
+    } finally {
+      restoreEnv("DIAL_TEST_ENV_ONLY", original);
+    }
+  });
+
+  test("缺失变量收集所有 unresolved-variable issue", () => {
+    const result = resolveVariables({
+      targets: [
+        {
+          http: {
+            headers: { Authorization: "${missing_token}" },
+            url: "${missing_base_url}/health/${missing_path}",
+          },
+          id: "api-health",
+          type: "http",
+        },
+      ],
+    });
+
+    expect(result.issues).toHaveLength(3);
+    expect(result.issues.map((item) => item.code)).toEqual([
+      "unresolved-variable",
+      "unresolved-variable",
+      "unresolved-variable",
+    ]);
+    expect(result.issues.map((item) => item.path)).toEqual([
+      "targets[0].http.headers.Authorization",
+      "targets[0].http.url",
+      "targets[0].http.url",
+    ]);
+    expect(result.issues.every((item) => item.targetId === "api-health")).toBe(true);
+    expect(result.issues.map((item) => item.message).join("\n")).toContain('变量 "missing_base_url"');
+  });
+});
+
+function restoreEnv(key: string, value: string | undefined): void {
+  if (value === undefined) {
+    delete process.env[key];
+    return;
+  }
+  process.env[key] = value;
+}
--- a/tests/server/middleware.test.ts
+++ b/tests/server/middleware.test.ts
@@ -10,14 +10,14 @@ import {
 } from "../../src/server/middleware";

 describe("validateTargetId", () => {
-  test("有效的 target ID 返回数字", () => {
-    const result = validateTargetId("123", "production");
+  test("有效的 target ID 返回字符串", () => {
+    const result = validateTargetId("api-health_01", "production");
    expect(result).not.toHaveProperty("status");
-    expect((result as { id: number }).id).toBe(123);
+    expect((result as { id: string }).id).toBe("api-health_01");
  });

  test("无效的 target ID 返回 400", () => {
-    const invalid = ["0", "-1", "abc", "1.5", ""];
+    const invalid = ["-1", "_abc", "has space", "1.5", ""];

    for (const id of invalid) {
      const result = validateTargetId(id, "production");
--- a/tests/web/components/OverviewTab.test.tsx
+++ b/tests/web/components/OverviewTab.test.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe("OverviewTab", () => {
  const target: TargetStatus = {
    currentStreak: null,
    group: "default",
-    id: 1,
+    id: "1",
    interval: "30s",
    latestCheck: {
      durationMs: 100,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe("OverviewTab", () => {
      totalChecks: 20,
      upChecks: 19,
    },
-    targetId: 1,
+    targetId: "1",
    trend: [],
    window: { bucket: "1h", from: "", to: "" },
  };
--- a/tests/web/components/TargetBoard.test.tsx
+++ b/tests/web/components/TargetBoard.test.tsx
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ describe("TargetBoard", () => {
    {
      currentStreak: null,
      group: "default",
-      id: 1,
+      id: "1",
      interval: "30s",
      latestCheck: null,
      name: "target-1",
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ describe("TargetBoard", () => {
    {
      currentStreak: null,
      group: "production",
-      id: 2,
+      id: "2",
      interval: "30s",
      latestCheck: null,
      name: "target-2",
--- a/tests/web/components/TargetDetailDrawer.test.tsx
+++ b/tests/web/components/TargetDetailDrawer.test.tsx
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ describe("TargetDetailDrawer", () => {
  const target: TargetStatus = {
    currentStreak: null,
    group: "default",
-    id: 1,
+    id: "1",
    interval: "30s",
    latestCheck: {
      durationMs: 100,
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ describe("TargetDetailDrawer", () => {
      totalChecks: 20,
      upChecks: 19,
    },
-    targetId: 1,
+    targetId: "1",
    trend: [],
    window: { bucket: "1h", from: "", to: "" },
  };
--- a/tests/web/components/TargetGroup.test.tsx
+++ b/tests/web/components/TargetGroup.test.tsx
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ describe("TargetGroup", () => {
    {
      currentStreak: null,
      group: "default",
-      id: 1,
+      id: "1",
      interval: "30s",
      latestCheck: {
        durationMs: 100,
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ describe("TargetGroup", () => {
    {
      currentStreak: null,
      group: "default",
-      id: 2,
+      id: "2",
      interval: "30s",
      latestCheck: {
        durationMs: 100,
--- a/tests/web/constants/target-table-columns.test.ts
+++ b/tests/web/constants/target-table-columns.test.ts
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ function makeTarget(overrides: Partial<TargetStatus> = {}): TargetStatus {
  return {
    currentStreak: null,
    group: "default",
-    id: 1,
+    id: "1",
    interval: "5s",
    latestCheck: null,
    name: "test",
--- a/tests/web/constants/target-table-sorters.test.ts
+++ b/tests/web/constants/target-table-sorters.test.ts
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ function makeTarget(overrides: Partial<TargetStatus> = {}): TargetStatus {
  return {
    currentStreak: null,
    group: "default",
-    id: 1,
+    id: "1",
    interval: "5s",
    latestCheck: null,
    name: "test",