diff --git a/src/cli/output.ts b/src/cli/output.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dfc672e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/cli/output.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+import { CliError } from "./errors.ts";
+
+export function formatError(error: CliError): string {
+  const parts: string[] = [`错误: ${error.message}`];
+
+  if (error.usage) {
+    parts.push(`用法: ${error.usage}`);
+  }
+
+  if (error.hint) {
+    parts.push(`提示: ${error.hint}`);
+  }
+
+  return parts.join("\n\n");
+}
+
+export function printError(error: CliError): never {
+  process.stderr.write(formatError(error) + "\n");
+  process.exit(1);
+}
diff --git a/tests/cli/output.test.ts b/tests/cli/output.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..717d7b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cli/output.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+import { describe, it, expect } from "bun:test";
+import { formatError } from "../../src/cli/output.ts";
+import {
+  UsageError,
+  ConfigError,
+  CommandError,
+  InternalError,
+} from "../../src/cli/errors.ts";
+
+describe("formatError", () => {
+  it("只输出错误行（无 hint/usage）", () => {
+    const err = new ConfigError("未初始化");
+    const output = formatError(err);
+    expect(output).toBe("错误: 未初始化");
+  });
+
+  it("输出错误行 + 提示行", () => {
+    const err = new ConfigError("未初始化", { hint: "请先运行 rune init" });
+    const output = formatError(err);
+    expect(output).toBe("错误: 未初始化\n\n提示: 请先运行 rune init");
+  });
+
+  it("输出错误行 + 用法行", () => {
+    const err = new UsageError("缺少参数", {
+      usage: "rune plan <change-name>",
+    });
+    const output = formatError(err);
+    expect(output).toBe(
+      "错误: 缺少参数\n\n用法: rune plan <change-name>",
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("输出完整格式（错误 + 用法 + 提示）", () => {
+    const err = new UsageError("缺少必填参数 <change-name>", {
+      usage: "rune plan <change-name>",
+      hint: "请指定变更名称，如 \"add-login\"",
+    });
+    const output = formatError(err);
+    expect(output).toBe(
+      '错误: 缺少必填参数 <change-name>\n\n用法: rune plan <change-name>\n\n提示: 请指定变更名称，如 "add-login"',
+    );
+  });
+
+  it("InternalError 输出固定消息", () => {
+    const err = new InternalError();
+    const output = formatError(err);
+    expect(output).toBe("错误: 发生了未预期的错误");
+  });
+});